Chemistry

Physical science standard:    PS1:  Matter and Its Interaction. 

Learning Goal:  You will understand the concepts explaining the structure, properties and interactions of matter. Through this, you will understand how substances combine or change to make new substances and will be able to witness how this can be relatable to your daily life. 

Week 8  - October 16

Process of how sugar (sucrose) dissolves in water

Week 9  - October 23

Explain the importance and role of electrons. Describe and illustrate how electrons are arranged around an atom. What are covalent and ionic bonds? Explain the process allowing atoms to form into molecules and what type of elements are involved

Week 10 - October 30

Be able to describe the design and structure of the periodic table. What are the characteristics of the elements in Groups 1-2, 13-18 

Week 11 - November 6

What is radiometric dating? How do scientists use carbon to date fossils? Provide examples 

Week 12 - November 13

Diagram and label the following five molecules:  Glucose, Ibuprofen, TNT, Prednisone, Penicillin 

Week 13 - November 20

Explain nuclear processes such as fission, fusion, include process of electricity generation within a nuclear power plant. Using Fukushima in Japan, research  power plant failure and the human, environmental effects of the event.  Investigate and describe the social impact the use of nuclear weapons have had on humanity (Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Cold War).

Week 14 - November 27

Identify, describe and detail the everyday use of 25 common elements 

INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED:

Sugar in water - polarity, what is a polar molecule, polar structure of water, how is sugar (sucrose) structured(monosaccharide vs. disaccharide), what does the water do to the sugar bonds (The answer involves thinking - taking what you have learned and putting it together to describe process)

Role of electrons  - what charge do electrons have - how are electrons arranged around atom - how many shells total, # electrons in each first three shells, diagram of electron locations in first three full shells, name given to electrons in outermost level, Bohr's model of an atom.    Covalent and Ionic bonds - Why do atoms bond together? what takes place between electrons (outer shell), what type of atoms bond ionic? Covalent? Example molecules of each type of bond. Ion definition and how created

Periodic table description - atomic number meaning and their relation to electrons - rows (periods) what are similarities of electrons each row(observe periodic table) - names of groups(columns) 1-2 and 13-18/characteristics of each group, electron similarities each group -  what is the reactivity of elements from left to right - dividing line for metals/non metals - YOU DO NOT NEED TO LIST EVERY ELEMENT ON THE TABLE

Radiometric dating (these words are used to explain radiometric dating) - isotope, half-life(what it is and how it works), carbon 14(include half life of), how this is used to help scientists - provide two recent discoveries with description

Diagram of molecules - try to find a 3D model that shows location of each atom (search: molecule name and pubchem)

Nuclear energy - nuclear meltdown (what is it, how is it contained, what are the environmental effects, what are the effects on humans (short and long term, physically and society) -- nuclear weapon effects on humans (what is the Manhattan Project), include physical effects of radiation and social impacts.  Use the  Marshall Islands, testing in the US(Native American impact), and Japan.  What would happen if we used nuclear weapons today?

Everyday elements - name, symbol, physical description, use of element with every day examples

RUBRIC

Week 15 - December 4

Be able to explain the different gas laws. Include the properties of gasses in your discussion. Design an experiment to illustrate each law. 

Week 16 - December 11

Be able to explain the difference between an acid and a base. Include the pH scale and identify ten common products that are either acid or base. Design an experiment to demonstrate whether the five provided objects are an acid or base based on their pH values. -- Vinegar, Aspirin, hand soap, Bleach, and Baking Soda. 

Week 17 - December 18

1)Be able to identify and describe the different types (6) of various chemical reactions, with an example of how each is relatable to you. 2)Be able to explain the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions. Include whether the following are exo or endo: match lighting, dynamite exploding, settling of concrete, freezing/melting of an ice cube and the rusting of a nail. 

INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED:

Gas laws - Boyles, Charles, Avogadros, Gay-Lussac's ----> temperature, pressure, volume, increase, decrease, constant are WORDS involved in explanation

pH - what makes (chemical formula) a molecule an acid or a base? In other words, in an acid where is H located? OH in a base? What is a hydroxide?

MONTHLY PROJECT IDEAS

Some possibilities but certainly not all. We will hopefully generate more in class. Will be important to presearch to make sure understand content.

Any one element

Chemistry in medicine - cancer research, 

Chemical bonds - how substances combine - equations

Biochemistry - living organisms

Geochemistry - how it relates to rocks/earth, atmosphere, methane, chloroflorocarbons, ozone depletion

Periodic table - set up, design

Man made elements

Half-lifes - how long atoms can last - radioactivity

Carbon dating - how old something is by how much carbon is left

Nuclear reactions - mass and energy, radiation nuclear fission/fusion

Chemical reactions - what happens when two elements combine - ex. sodium plus water explosion, dynamite, liquid nitrogen

Thermochemistry - measuring heat, energy and work from chemical reactions

Quantum theories - light, space, structure of atom, electrons

States of matter - solids (metals v. nonmetals), liquids gases - melting/boiling/freezing points - change from one state to another

Solutions

Oxidation/reduction

Acids/bases

Electrons and electron cloud

Fertilizers

Air pollution - smog, acid rain

Swimming pool chemistry

Molecular phase changes

Brain Chemistry - (Chemistry of feelings)

Body Chemistry  - odor, digestion

OTHER SEARCHES:  Google chemistry news

CONCEPTS (study guide)

Three types of chemical bonding - ionic, covalent and metallic - and how they make compounds

How the periodic table is structured - metals, non-metals, gases, groups and periods

How electrons are arranged in shells and how they interact with electrons from other atoms

Predicting types of bonds by the elements involved

The role electrons play in chemistry

Be able to describe Kinetic Theory

Be able to calculate atomic mass

Illustrate Bohr's model of the atom

VOCABULARY

matter, mass, weight

solid, liquid, gas

compound, mixture, solution

solvent, solute

element

atom

molecule

electron, proton, neutron, nucleus

atomic number, atomic mass

alkali metals, Noble gases, Halogens

valence electrons

ions

Dimitri Mendelev

groups, periods

ELEMENTS (found in everyday use)

hydrogen, lithium, berylium, boron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, silicon, tin, sulphur, lead, 

platinum, strontium, cesium, radium, barium, francium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, argon, helium, krypton, xenon,

radon, gold, phosphorus, iodine, bromine, astatine, chlorine, aluminum, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, silver, mercury, zinc, uranium, tungsten, arsenic

NOTES

Matter - anything that takes up space

mass - amount of matter in an object

weight - measures pull of gravity on object

volume - how much space an object takes

density - how many molecules in a given space d=m/v

properties of matter - how to describe object

    color, odor, size, shape, texture, hardness, mass, weight, volume, density

four ways matter can be found - solid, liquid, gas, plasma

mixture - two or more substances mix together and keep physical properties - ex. granite, brownies

compound - two or more substances combine together and lose physical properties - ex. water (hydrogen + oxygen)

solution - one substance dissolving in another - kool aide

    solvent - dissolver (water is universal solvent)

    solute - what is being dissolved

element - pure substance made of only one kind of atom

molecule - substance made of more than one kind of atom

periodic table - organizes elements into categories based on electrons, state, reactivity

    dimitri mendelev - 1869

    groups - columns on table - same number of electrons in outer shell

        group I - alkali metals - very reactive - all have 1 electron in outer shell

        group II - alkali earth metals - reactive - all have two electrons in outer shell

        group VII - halogens - non metals - least reactive - all have 7 electrons in outer shell

        group VIII - noble gases - nonreactive - all have 8 electrons in outer shell

    reactivity - how easily elements combine with other elements

    periods - horizontal rows - same number of electron shells, number of electrons increase by one from left to right

atom - smallest part of element

    electrons - negative charge, "floats" around nucleus in rings called shells (7 total), responsible for bonding with other atoms

        valence electrons - number of electrons found in outer shell

    protons - positive charge - natural state will = number electrons, found in nucleus

    neutrons - neutral - found in nucleus

    nucleus - center of atom

isotope - same element but with a different number of neutrons

atomic number - measures number of protons

atomic mass - measures number of neutron + protons    

electron dot configuration - pattern used to show valence electrons and used to show what elements need to interact with other elements

all atoms want to be "happy" - full number of electrons in outer shell - each shell can hold a maximum number of electrons

    atoms combine with other atoms to achieve this goal

chemical bonding - the process of one atom combining with another

    ionic - transfer of electrons - one element gains while other loses, happens between metal(lose) and nonmetal(gain)

    covalent - elements share electrons - happens between two nonmetals

    metallic bonds - very complicated - happens between two metals

ion - charged atom - will happen as a result of bonding - change number of electrons, change charge

ELEMENT INFORMATION CARDS

This will be a research project done primarily in class

Pick three elements of the 50 we learned in class

Make three cards - one card for each element - using construction paper

    (You might get cards like this in the mail, except they are animals - eagle, nile crocodile, bengal tiger)

Use all four sides of card - be creative and colorful - make them interesting

Include - pictures (no color printing at school please) - can get out of magazines or from home

    information to be included but not limited to - uses of, where found and how to get it, any historical significance (like gold), characteristics 

        (reactivity, properties, compounds etc), symbol, atomic number and any other miscellaneous facts