Linking words

First let's talk about some words or phrases for better understanding the topic.

These are:

• LINKING WORD
• LINKER
• CLAUSE MARKER
• CONNECTOR
• CONJUNCTION

All of the things are pretty confusing specially if you are in beginner level.

• LINKING WORD : The word/groups of word connects/connect to nearby words.

• LINKER : Anything that links between two. In grammar, LINKING WORD, CLAUSE MARKER, CONNECTOR, CONJUNCTION all are linker.

• CLAUSE MARKER : Indicate the beginning or ending of a clause.

• CONJUNCTION : Conjunction puts two sentences together.

• CONNECTOR : In grammar, connectors are those words which connect two clauses or phrases together.

For example: The music was very loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Some other common connectors: And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before all are connector.

Types of connector

1. Sub-ordinating conjunction
2. Co-ordinating conjunction
3. Co-relative conjunction
4. Compound conjunction

Sub-ordinating conjunction: A subordinating conjunction connects a sentence with another on which it depends for its full meaning.

See examples:

1. I will not go to the market if it rains.
2. The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependent on the condition 'if it rains'.
3. You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
4. You must dig the earth till you find water.
5. King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold.
6. You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
7. You must dig the earth till you find water.
8. We can paint our house red or white but we must select a good painter.
9. Harry is intelligent however he is lazy. He must wake up or he will regret it.
10. I left the party because I was bored, moreover it was quite late.
11. He was sad and tired along with being very hungry when a wizard appeared and offered him food however he laid down some conditions.
12. He is cheerful though he has worked the whole day.
13. I allowed him in as I thought he was a friend but he tried to rob me.
14. You will do well if you study hard.
15. My daughters either watch TV or sleep on Sundays.
16. Susan is very fat but very active.
17. I met by friend in the park and invited her to tea.
18. A student must obey or he may leave.
19. Jane and Peter have been chosen to receive the guest.
20. After the trip Sam came to work but he was very tired.
21. Bring some sandwiches or you will be hungry.
22. They jumped over the stream and ran home.
23. The dog ran after the rabbit but could not catch him.
24. My aunt is ill so I will visit her tomorrow.
25. The show started as soon as the chief guest arrived.
26. You will enjoy the concert since you love music.
27. This horse will take you to the village you even if he is tired.
28. He was rowing the boat while I slept.
29. The bridge fell though it was made of stones.
30. You will pass if you work hard.
31. He will not try unless he is forced to.
32. We will come after we complete the work.
33. The old man cared for the puppy as though she was his baby.

The prominent subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless.

Co-ordinating conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.

Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or.

Use of 'and'

'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal importance and both conditions exist.

Other words that can be used in place of and are: moreover, in addition to, along with, plus, as well as, further more

Example:

1. Tom and Harry play hockey.
2. A lion and a fox live in this cave.
3. We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats.
4. The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader.
5. We found the thief along with the bags.

Use of 'but'

The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say the first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you quite a contradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used.

Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but'

Example:

1. He ran, but he missed the bus.
2. She studied hard but could not score well in the test.
3. The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily.
4. Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not cry.
5. The lion was hungry yet it did not attack Androcles.
6. He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.

Use of 'Or'

When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'. Here only one of the two conditions exists.

Example:

1. Would you take a cup of tea or coffee?
2. Shall we buy a book or a toy?
3. Sit on the bench or on the grass.
4. Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk?
5. We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.

Co-relative conjunctions: Conjunctions used in pairs are correlative conjunctions.

Either..... or, Neither.....nor, Both.....and, Whether..... or, Not only..... but also

Example:

1. Either Peter or John has taken the book.
2. It is neither hot nor tasty.
3. My sister is both smart and intelligent.
4. Tell me whether you know the route or not.
5. Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.

Compound conjunctions: Compound conjunctions are groups of words that behave like conjunctions. Such as in order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as etc.

Examples are given below