Amazonian Biodiversity remains largely unexplored. Even large animals such as primates are still being discovered at unprecedented rates, nearly 1 primate species per year over the last 20 years. Although part of this increase in species descriptions is the result of greater scrutiny in taxonomic studies and increased use of molecular techniques, the bulk of the discoveries and certainly the most surprising ones have come from an increased number of scientific expeditions to unexplored regions of Amazonia. Over the past 20 years, I have been leading or co leading multidisciplinary expeditions to biogeographical distinct regions of Amazonia as shown in this map below, to better understand the patterns of abundance and distribution of species and to make sense of the biogeography of the region.