EXERCISE 1

A Match the modals or modal perfects in I with their uses in II.

I

1. Shall I help you with that heavy bag?
2. You should have done all the homework.
3. She didn’t answer the phone so she
   1. must have left.
4. I need to clean my room. I promised my
   1. mum that I would.
5. I think that they might have left.
6. Would you sign your name here, please?
7. It’s not fair. I ought to have received a prize too.
8. You mustn’t use this computer.

..... a. a logical conclusion about a past event

...... b. formal request.

.... c. prohibition

..... d. offer

..... e.unfulfilled expectation

..... f. obligation

..... g. advice which was not followed

..... h. a guess about something which happened.

B Choose the correct answer.

1. She (could walk / could have walked) before she was a year old.
2. The party was supposed to be a secret. You (shouldn’t say / shouldn’t have said) anything.
3. I’m not sure, but I (might leave / might have left) early tonight.
4. I’m not afraid to go alone. You (needn’t have come / needn’t come) with me.
5. It’s late. You (must be / must have been) very tired.
6. You (ought to introduce / ought to have introduced) me to your friends. I didn’t know anyone’s name.

C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use a modal perfect.

1. Nobody told her anything about the argument. She ....................................... (know) about it.
2. We arrived too early. We ....................................... (be) in such a hurry.
3. She ....................................... (leave) the office because her coat and bag aren’t here.
4. I ....................................... (drive) to work, but the weather was so nice that I decided to walk.
5. It’s possible that I ....................................... (forget) to tell Joe about the meeting.
6. You ....................................... (call) her on her birthday. She never forgets to call you.

D Rewrite each sentence using a modal or modal perfect. There may be more than one answer.

1. It isn’t necessary for them to finish the job tonight.
   1. They ......................................................................................................................
2. It’s possible that I took your jacket by mistake.
   1. I ......................................................................................................................
3. That man knows how to speak four languages.
   1. That man ......................................................................................................................
4. I didn’t wear a sunhat, and now my head hurts.
   1. My head hurts. I ......................................................................................................................
5. It rained last night so the grass is wet.
   1. It ...................................................................................................................... . The grass is wet.
6. The man you saw wasn’t Jack. He’s been abroad since the summer.
   1. You ......................................................................................................................