INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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As ethical issues getting worse in today’s generation, this document is an attempt to provide an up-to-dated report and explanation of different effects, symptoms, treatment, usage, and types used around the world that affects health problem associated with substance use. All the chapters reflect the points of view of the authors and represent the data gathered in different resources. To gain familiarity and understand the topic well, we guarantee the practical consistency of terminologies and terms. We provide data that promotes good methods of intervention, realization and awareness that will have larger applicability to specific audience, and certain areas of the world.
What is Substance Abuse?
What is Substance Abuse?
Substance abuse refers to a set of related conditions associated with the uncontrollable consumption of substances such as drugs, alcohol, and other illegal and legal substances that have negative behavioral and health outcomes. Social attitudes and political and legal responses the increase usage of wide variety of drugs, including nicotine, alcohol, and illicit and prescription drugs may lead to addiction which makes public health issues arise.
Substance abuse is described as a habit of harmful use of any substance for mood-altering purposes. Alcohol and other drugs whether legal or not are example of “substances”, as well as some other substances that are not drugs at all. Intentional inhalation of household or industrial chemicals for mild-altering effects is also included. Tobacco use and excessive drinking are frequently included in drug abuse definition. Chemical abuse and substance abuse are terms sometimes use interchangeably with the term drug abuse.
Many abused medications are addictive causing cravings and a desire to continue using them despite negative consequences. Addiction to drugs can begin in childhood and continue until adulthood. According to studies, around 42% of high school students consume alcohol, 21% consume marijuana, and 3% consume cocaine. Around 12% of people have used inhalants, and 20 % have abused prescription medicines (Source: CDC).
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Psychiatric Problems
There is some indication that people who have psychiatric problems may be at higher risk for developing a substance use disorder. The stressors like sadness, anger, grief, fear, and paranoia may be why people undergo substance abuse at a young age. Substance abuse may be seen in people with mental health disorders like personality disorder, schizophrenia and depression.
Individual Personality Characteristics
From a theoretical perspective, the effects of drug use on personality change could be biologically mediated (Costa et al., 2019). However, similar to other proposed sources of personality development, they could also be attributable to the reenactment of behavioral patterns (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) or changes in social roles (Roberts & Wood, 2006) accompanying substance use. The behavioral patterns changes are sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts, periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or/and giddiness.
Social and Peer Pressure
Peer Pressure is a stressful process of influencing other people to try something and changing behavior to be part of a group. It increases the probability of using substances when an individual relies on popularity in a particular group, seeking belongingness. Peer influence on an adolescent is particular. Substance use often exists in deviant peer relationships, wherein adolescents associate with a group of people who use substances.
Environmental Stressors
A. Home environment
People surrounding us are affiliate with the factors of why individuals use substances that result in addiction. It includes childhood trauma like physical abuse, sexual abuse, maltreatment (including abuse and neglect), family crisis, marital status of parents, level of parental education, parent-child relationships, familial socioeconomic status, and child perception that parents approve of their substance use.
B. Workplace environments
Influence in the environment is solid and persuasive, especially in schools and works. When a workplace is open to substance abuse policies, availability of alcohol and drugs, and a workplace culture that encourages substance abuse, the higher possibility to be less productive causes trouble, absents, and accidents.
Genetic Vulnerability
No genes can lead an individual to abuse various substances. However, it controls and shapes the likelihood of such a problem developing, mainly when other factors occur and present. While genetic vulnerability is credited as one of the causes of risk factors, it influences mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, and so forth.
Many disorders associate complexity in terms of depending on substance abuse. These lead to harmful consequences and incorporate symptoms like withdrawal, immune to such things, and inability to stop using substances.
Different Types of Drug/ Substance abuse
PREVENTION
PREVENTION
Communicate
Discuss the dangers of drug use and misuse with your kids.
Listen
Be a good listener when your children talk about peer pressure, pay attention and encourage them in their efforts to reject it. Set a positive example for your children.
Strengthen the bond
Make an effort to improve your relationship with your children.
Preventing a relapse
Once you've become addicted to a drug, you're at a greater danger of relapsing into that behavior.
Stick with your treatment plan
Monitor your cravings. It may appear that you've recovered and that you don't need to take any further actions to remain drug-free. However, if you continue to see your therapist or counselor, attend support group meetings, and take prescribed medicine, your chances of being drug-free will be considerably better.
Avoid high-risk situations
Don't return to the drug-dealing area where you used to buy your narcotics. Also, keep away from your drug-addicted pals. If you start using the drug again, you should immediately contact your doctor, a mental health professional, or someone else who can assist you.
Treatments for substance/drug abuse
There are many options that have been successful in treating drug addiction, including:
Behavioral counseling
Medication
Medical devices and applications used to treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver skills training
Evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental health issues such as depression and anxiety
long-term follow-up to prevent relapse
A range of care with a tailored treatment
REFLECTION
REFLECTION
Even in the midst of devastation, something within us always points the way to freedom
-sharon salzberg
In this cliché saying, I will point out two different perspectives. Initially, it endeavors to feel free, relief from the burden, and recover from addiction. On the other hand, as individuals who encounter problems, issues, and experiences various risk factors, we may be burnt out. As an escape to the world's reality, people use substances like alcohol, drugs, cigarettes, and other substances to ease their feelings and state of mind.
While a person mainly chooses to take different drugs, physical problems, mental health issues occur. If continuously use, it will be an obsession. These give negative results to our cognitive view, behavioral view, and social notion. We need to address substance abuse as a disease and identify its treatment to help people who need ongoing and continuous care and monitoring programs to succeed and surpass the issue. If people only know how to perform self-control and use willpower wisely, many will recover.
Substance addiction affects not only the person who uses it but also their family and community. People exposed to these dangerous chemicals may experience health problems such as depression, behavioral troubles, personality disorders, attempted suicide, and suicide. And, because harmful substances have such negative consequences for the user, many people may underestimate the effects of addiction on family members.
Addiction to drugs and alcohol can devastate a calm home by causing strife among family members. Fighting would be unavoidable due to excessive drinking, which resulted in financial troubles and the theft of money from parents or other family members to support their habit. Now, trust issues are arising, ultimately affecting family relationships. It also causes youngsters who are exposed to this dangerous drug to perform poorly in school. Teenagers today are frequently subjected to peer pressure at school and are constantly enticed to try new or hazardous drugs. Since cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and other drug use are all reasonably common nowadays.
Violence and criminality in the community are also a result of substance usage. Rape or sexual assault is made more accessible with the use of drugs. Alcohol or drugs can cause a person to lose track of what is going on, making them less able to protect themselves against unwanted sexual contact or forcing them to forget what has happened. Also, drinking was associated with a higher risk of engaging in violent action because persons who didn't sort out their anger were more likely to become intoxicated. Once drunk, they boosted out their offense.
Above all, substance misuse has the potential to affect not only the individual itself but also the people around us, our family, and our community. Consider how critical it is to be aware of and disciplined about this. To avoid being addicted, the best thing we can do is not to use it at all. We could also assist others exposed to this dangerous drug by connecting with them and providing our ears to them. We can persuade them to reject it by using your voice.
FEATURED
FEATURED
TESTIMONIES & SPEECH
This testimony provide information and experiences of the people who encounter this situation. By telling their stories, they can pass on what they have learned so others avoid going down the same path.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
NIDA. 2019, January 17. Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction DrugFacts. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction on 2021, June 21
Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/preface. Accessed Aug. 11, 2017.
NIDA. 2009, April. Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/podat_1.pdf
Uchtenhagen, Ambros. (2015). Substance Abuse. 10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2_406-1. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304194909_Substance_Abuse
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2010 midcourse review: Focus area 26, substance abuse [Internet]. Washington: HHS; 2006 [cited 2010 April 12]. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2010/Data/midcourse/pdf/FA26.pdf [PDF - 1.36 MB]
2National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Prescription Drug Abuse: A Research Update from the National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: NIDA; 2011 Dec [cited 2017 Aug 23].
3National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). NIDA topics in brief: Substance abuse among the military, veterans, and their families. Bethesda, MD: NIDA; 2009 Jul [cited 2010 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/tib/vet.html
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