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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) has become more popular in recent years. The advancement in technology played a big role in this advancement in bioscience. ART has widened the definition and possibility of parenting through artificial fertilization processes.
The rise of assisted reproduction is to aid the issue and condition of infertility. If speak about Infertility, it is the inability to be pregnant or conceive after a year of unprotected sex and it also refers to the inability to sustain a pregnancy which led to miscarriages. Infertility can be due to the woman, the man, both sexes, or unknown problems that caused infertility and approximately 12% of the reproductive-age in the population of 7.3 million women and their partners is infertile. Infertility affects men and women in equal numbers. Infertility is a source of social and psychological suffering in a relationship both of the men and women. The causes may relate to production of the sperm or eggs, function of the male or female reproductive systems, other health issues or be unexplainable.
The rise of assisted reproduction created complications in the challenges of ethical issues of the individuals involved, health care professionals, and the greater society. As technologies continue to advance rapidly, ethical and social challenges arise, with the complex questions of justice, rights, and conflicting principles.
The rise of assisted reproduction is to aid the issue and condition of infertility. If speak about Infertility, it is the inability to be pregnant or conceive after a year of unprotected sex and it also refers to the inability to sustain a pregnancy which led to miscarriages. Infertility can be due to the woman, the man, both sexes, or unknown problems that caused infertility and approximately 12% of the reproductive-age in the population of 7.3 million women and their partners is infertile. Infertility affects men and women in equal numbers. Infertility is a source of social and psychological suffering in a relationship both of the men and women. The causes may relate to production of the sperm or eggs, function of the male or female reproductive systems, other health issues or be unexplainable.
The rise of assisted reproduction created complications in the challenges of ethical issues of the individuals involved, health care professionals, and the greater society. As technologies continue to advance rapidly, ethical and social challenges arise, with the complex questions of justice, rights, and conflicting principles.
For more information about Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), you may watch this video
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
It refers to the treatment of in fertilization and it includes the medical procedures used primarily to address infertility.
Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age worldwide. Infertile individuals experienced greater dissatisfaction with themselves and their marriages. However, there will always be a glimmer of hope. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It offers hope to patients who want children but are unable to have a child without medical assistance.
Louise Brown is a british woman and the first human conceived through an in vitro fertilization experiment. The birth of Louis Brown was one of the most remarkable medical breakthroughs of the 20th Century
TYPES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
TYPES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY | The Five (5) Common Types of Reproductive Technology
Informative Video Script (The Five Common Types of Assisted Reproductive Technologies).docxWhat should you be aware of about assisted reproductive technology?
Assisted Reproductive Technology refers to reproductive treatments and procedures that can help with fertility issues or inability to have children. Assisted Reproductive Technology methods entail modifying eggs, sperm, or embryos in order to increase the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. It also refers to a variety of medical techniques that can assist you in becoming pregnant.
The Five Common Types of Assisted Reproductive Technologies are:
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
• Tubal Embryo Transfer (TET)
• Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
• Pronuclear Stage Tubal Transfer (PROST)
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
A method in which a sperm specimen is placed in a injection and attached to a long tube. Then it was inserted into the cervical canal. Slowly, the specimens were injected into the uterus. This procedure has a success rate of 85 %.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Hormones were given to the woman to ripen the ova. When the eggs matured they placed it into a nutrient rich solution to which sperm is added. If the egg succeeds to fertilize it will then be placed into another solution to which they undergo cell division. And once the process is completed, the embryo is implanted into the uterus, usually 1-5 days.
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
Similar to IVF however the ova and sperm are directly inserted into the fallopian tubes through an incision in the abdomen. Fertilization happens internally.
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
Both sperm and egg are fertilized externally and the zygote is placed into the woman’s fallopian tubes. This method takes advantage of the reason that the fallopian tube is the safest place for embryonic development. ZIFT simulates a Natural way of pregnancy, since the zygote forms in the fallopian tube and then travels to the uterus within a few days of conception.
INTRAVAGINAL CULTURE
INTRAVAGINAL CULTURE
Just like the technique used for the IVF and placed in the small tube. The specimen through the tube was inserted into the vagina and kept next to the cervix using a diaphragm-like contraption. Intercourse can take place while the tube is in place. It is hoped that during the time of intercourse, ejaculated sperm will fertilize the eggs contained in the tube. Two days after, the tube is removed, the contents separated and any fertilized ova are transferred into the uterus.
UTERINE LAVAGE EMBRYO RETRIEVAL
UTERINE LAVAGE EMBRYO RETRIEVAL
This method is used by women who have a functioning uterus but women are not able to ovulate their eggs or do not want to use their ova because they are carriers of lethal genes or alleles. Another ovulating woman is inseminated with donor sperm and the fertilized egg, and after around five days. The fertilized egg/ embryo is retrieved from the uterus before it becomes embedded in the uterine wall. The retrieved embryo will be implanted to the assisted woman. The treatment's main issue is the possibility that the embryo might not be retrieved before it embeds on the uterine wall. If this happens, another bioethical issue about abortion will arise.
PARTIAL ZONA DISSECTION
PARTIAL ZONA DISSECTION
Partial Zona Dissection (PZD) treatment that drills holes in the zona, the protective membrane of the ovum, to make it easier for sperm to pass into the interior through the use of micro-techniques and micro-technologies. This treatment reduces the resistance of the penetration of sperms to the egg.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
This technique is to increase the chance of infertile men through examining the sperm microscopically and the best-shaped and most active sperm is directly injected to the egg cell. The technique identifies which sperm will most likely be able to fertilize an egg and increases about 50-60% chance of men to have a child.
CYTOPLASMIC OR MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSFER
CYTOPLASMIC OR MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSFER
An older egg or egg whose mitochondrial DNA were concess is injected by another younger donor egg including the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the younger egg. Mitochondria is affected by certain diseases and since disease is passed from mother to baby through mitochondria but some mothers decide to use mitochondrial transfer to make sure that their offspring do not have the same disease. The egg will be fertilized through in vitro with sperm and then implanted into the gestational carrier which is usually that of the woman who provided the recipient egg and nuclear DNA. This technique or method is called “three parent babies” since the resulting child has DNA from three different parents: mitochondrial DNA from the donor, nuclear DNA from the egg, and nuclear DNA from sperm.
SURROGACY
SURROGACY
It is when a gestational carrier differs from the parent who will raise a child. Gestational carriers become pregnant through a myriad of ways like artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, GIFT or ZIFT. Surrogacy allows women who have non-viable uteruses to have children that are biologically related to them, as the gestational carrier is often fertilized with an embryo created from the gametes of one or both of the parents who will raise the child. Surrogacy is a technique which uses assisted reproduction where assisted parents work with a gestational carrier who will carry and care for their baby/ies until birth.
How to Ethically Analyze Reproductive Technologies by Glenn Cohen of Big Think.
Watch his video discussing the ethicality of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.
RELIGIOUS ETHICAL ISSUE OF ART
Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion and Public Life conducted a comprehensive demographic study of more than 230 countries and territories and estimated that 84% of the 6.9 billion equals to 5.8 billion of the world population are religiously affiliated adults and children around the world. The remaining 16% or 1.1 billion were not affiliated to any religion (Pew Research Center, 2012).
The concept of reproduction without coitus or sexual intercourse has generated a lot of controversy in religious circles but some religions accept the concept of assisted reproduction. The stance of the Roman Catholic Church is that a child must be born through love of the parents so Catholic church stands against assisted reproduction. Judaism allows the practice of all techniques of assisted reproduction if the cells needed in assisted reproduction originate from the wife and husband. The traditional Christian views that at the beginning of conception, the embryo has moral status as a human being, and thus most assisted reproductive technologies are forbidden. And to Islam, assisted reproduction is acceptable can be performed only for husband and wife.
UNFAIR AND UNJUST ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) procedures are inequitable because the average family cannot access the benefits of these reproductive technologies due to its high costs and expensive treatments and procedures. According to some research, ART is mainly private sector driven, expensive and may be unaffordable for those in need. Treating infertility through the expensive cost of ART is less focused by the government due to overpopulation.
ART: PROCEDURE AND QUALITY SAFETY ASSURANCE
ART success rates vary in the individual patient and treatment due to different characteristics, such as age, infertility diagnosis, number of embryos transferred, type of ART procedure, use of techniques such as ICSI, and history of previous births, miscarriages, and ART cycles. Some risks are going to be exposed like perinatal risk factors and implantation failures.
THE NEED FOR REGULATION
THE NEED FOR REGULATION
ART lacks a regulatory body and there is no law governing the medical practices in ART in other countries. The need for a strict regulatory body of ART has led to the setting up of bodies such as the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), which oversees and makes policy regarding ART in the UK and most countries practicing ART followed the HFEA.
FATE OF EXTRA EMBRYOS
FATE OF EXTRA EMBRYOS
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos but assisted reproduction needs only a small amount of embryos and the excess embryos are either to be frozen, used in lab experiments, disposed, or surrogate to another assisted person having problems in fertilization.
SURROGACY
SURROGACY
Surrogacy argues that intended parents who “use” or “rented” surrogates are interested and cared only about their reproductive ability. The practice of surrogacy is seen as “womb-renting,” especially when the woman carrying the pregnancy is financially depleted or financially disadvantaged compared to the assisted parents.
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
The ethics of ART are put into discussion because of the high percentage of people who carry HIV. Bringing to the world the babies infected with HIV upon birth is unethical but results from studies that people living with HIV who had ART have longer lifespan and showed very good results.
BASIC VIEWS
BASIC VIEWS
Natural Law View
Natural law view comes from the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church stating that God the world is embedded by moral values, and we are the shepherd of His creation and we are obligated to respect and follow the law of nature. This view sees that all technologies controlling human reproduction are wrong because man must not play the role of God and man must not contradict the order of things. The use of artificial technologies in conceiving a child or contraception are intrinsically immoral. Children must conceive through love in the form of sexual intercourse not by artificial technologies.
Utilitarian
The view of utilitarianism is that what's the best course of action which maximizes the overall good of the society is their desirable wants. Utilitarianism does not object to any reproductive technologies as long it maximizes the living of peoples. The utilitarian view depends on the ethically permissibility of the assisted reproductive technologies whether the specific procedures lead to greater goods. One branch of the broader utilitarian view is that the rule utilitarianism deems in the moral actions as it follows a set of rules and and standards that lead to greater good. Every case is assessed with the same set of rules rather than looking independently to every case. According to Munson, “If there is strong evidence to support the view that the use of reproductive technology will lead to a society in which the welfare of its members will not be served, then a rule utilitarian would be on firm ground in arguing that reproductive technology ought to be abandoned”.
Kantian Ethics
“Categorical Imperative”, this is the idea where Kant’s ethical theory revolves. Categorical imperative are the “golden rules” of morality which are good in and of themselves and must always be followed. The most fundamental categorical imperative is to never use someone as a mere means but rather as a means to an end or an end in itself. Kant’s ethic does not prohibit or reject assisted reproductive technologies but “the maxim involved in each action must always be one that satisfies the categorical imperative” (Munson, 383). Reproduction technologies must treat humanity and it must always as an end itself and never as means. But some reproductive technologies cases like IVF, artificial insemination and cloning would be morally wrong because of their procedures.
Ross's Ethical Theory
William David Ross ethical theory is based on the idea of prima facie duty which means that to do things, there is at least a fairly strong presumption in favor of doing it or promoting duties of beneficence. In other words, we are obligated to help others improve their lives. This idea might be conflicting with other important values or principles. For example, sometimes we need to break the natural order of things to achieve greater goods. Assisted reproductive technologies are ethical in this view as long it promotes well-being of others and most of the reproductive technologies are objectionable.
REFLECTIONS
REFLECTIONS
PROS
Before Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) even existed couples with fertility problems has no other choice but to adapt a child. With these advances in technology, they may now consider the various different options. However, just like any medical procedures, the cost of the operation may not that affordable to some people. A person or a couple can now have
CONS
I personally believed in natural law view which state that we must not play the role of God and do not interfere in the natural order of things. Life is given to us through the love of God so everyone must be conceived through love in form of sexual intercourse or coitus. We are the shepherds of God and our responsibility is to protect and follow follows God’s plan and order. For me, the artificial reproduction is unethical and immoral because it contradicts the order of things.
I also believed that every action, there are equal and opposite reactions. If we are going to change the flow of things, there must be great changes, maybe it is unnoticeable today but hypothetically thinking that evolution may occur to happen to human and we do not know what kind of evolution it could be. It is better to follow the order of things rather than changing the flow of natural orders.
MIKE EDZEN G. ILUSTRISIMO
MIKE EDZEN G. ILUSTRISIMO
BILL JIM D. TREMOR
BILL JIM D. TREMOR
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
IMAGES:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/217986
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https://www.google.com/urlsa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F10427491%2F&psig=AOvVaw25ZeQT2K_vskuVtr5nExKK&ust=1623596385427000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOCXkYOukvECFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK
https://www.ivfmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/invocell-graphic-1030x579.png
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503331/
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/dOGGV7ZRqkOvQvcliQ8MsT8zCHYmJnbcQReh_ahgokk3oVU7Kj2mLa43f-4ym5xzInWf=s128
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511681/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftonsoffacts.com%2F30-awesome-and-interesting-facts-abouaristotle%2F&psig=AOvVaw1fBAbQ-qqbGGsNvceV2oOT&ust=1624292194726000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTCPjn1Y7OpvECFQAAAAAdAAAAABAO
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/W-D-Ross.jpg/220px-W-D-Ross.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT30RQnbAg23gdkwZzSt9weosC7gDPSFbNoqQ&usqp=CAU
INFORMATIONS WAS RETRIEVED FROM THESE SITES:
https://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/assisted-reproduction/
https://www.telethonkids.org.au/our-research/research-topics/assisted-reproductive-technologies/
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2055102920933073
https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book-excerpts/health-article/the-ethics-of-art/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKcK4UZe4UQ&ab_channel=HowcastHowcast
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-Brown
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1472648310617890
FOR MORE READINGS, YOU MAY VISIT THESE LINKS
FOR MORE READINGS, YOU MAY VISIT THESE LINKS
For more readings about Artificial Insemination, you may visit this site: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/217986
For more readings about IVF-In Vitro Fertilization, you may visit this site:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/testsprocedures/invitrofertilization/about/pac20384716#:~:text=In%20vitro%20fertilization%20(IVF)%20is,by%20sperm%20in%20a%20lab
For more readings about GIFT-Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, you may visit this site:
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw202763
For more readings about ZIFT-Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer you may visit this site:
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw202763
For more readings about IVC-Intravaginal Culture, you may visit this site:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/571596/
For more readings about ULER- Uterine Lavage Embryo Retrieval treatment, you may visit this site: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503331/
For more readings about Partial Zona Dissection (PZD), you may visit this site: https://glowm.com/resources/glowm/cd/pages/v5/v5c102.html
For more readings about ICSI-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, you may visit this site: https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/what-is-intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/
For more readings about CD-Cytoplasmic or Mitochondrial Transfer, you may visit this site: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511681/
https://www.circlesurrogacy.com/about/what-is-surrogacy
INFORMATIVE VIDEO
INFORMATIVE VIDEO
In- Vitro Fertilization
In- Vitro Fertilization
by FRANK MARK V. CRISTOBAL
Does anyone of you familiar with in-vitro fertilization (IVF)? Well, Modern society requires modern ways of living. In-vitro fertilization is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro. The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova from her ovaries, and letting sperm fertilize them in a culture medium in a laboratory. To fully understand the concept of in-vitro fertilization, let us go back to how the normal way of producing a baby.
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
by MAC LLOYD D. VILLAVERT
Although there are other factors involved, these implications are basically medical, legal, moral, and religious. It is appropriate that we, as interested observers and participators in the investigation and therapeutics of infertility, should consider the implications, consequences and effects of artificial insemination. Whatever the judgments individuals make about its conclusions, there can be little question that the issues go to the heart of what it means to be human, and just like abortion and divorce, we don’t have to agree with it, but let us not take away the choice from people who need it or want it. That is not up to us to decide for them unless we are the ones going through it ourselves.
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