An overview of the location of major upland/lowland areas and river systems.
BBC article on changing landscapes in the UK
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51041436
The long profile and changing cross profile of a river and its valley.
Fluvial processes:
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion – interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion and deposition – meanders and ox-bow lakes.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition – levées, flood plains and estuaries.
An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
How physical and human factors affect the flood risk – precipitation, geology, relief and land use.
The use of hydrographs to show the relationship between precipitation and discharge.
The costs and benefits of the following management strategies:
hard engineering – dams and reservoirs, straightening, embankments, flood relief channels
soft engineering – flood warnings and preparation, flood plain zoning, planting trees and river restoration.
An example of a flood management scheme in the UK to show:
why the scheme was required
the management strategy
the social, economic and environmental issues.
Wave types and characteristics.
Coastal processes:
• erosion – hydraulic power, abrasion and attrition
• weathering processes – mechanical, chemical
• mass movement – sliding, slumping and rock falls
• transportation – longshore drift
• deposition – why sediment is deposited in coastal areas.
How geological structure and rock type influence coastal forms.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion – headlands and bays, cliffs and wave cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition – beaches, sand dunes, spits and bars.
An example of a section of coastline in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
The costs and benefits of the following management strategies:
• hard engineering – sea walls, rock armour, gabions and groynes
• soft engineering – beach nourishment and reprofiling, dune regeneration
• managed retreat – coastal realignment.
An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show:
• the reasons for management
• the management strategy
• the resulting effects and conflicts.