5. Migration

5.1 Migration as a component of population change

• Movements of populations (excluding all movements of less than one year’s duration).
• Causes of migration: push factors and pull factors, processes of migration (including chain migration)
• and patterns of migration (including by distance and by age), the role of constraints, obstacles and
• barriers (e.g. cost, national borders).

5.2 Internal migration (within a country)

• Rural–urban and urban–rural movements: their causes and impacts on source areas and
• receiving/destination areas including population structures.
• Stepped migration within the settlement hierarchy and urban–urban movements.
• Causes and impacts of intra-urban movements (within urban settlements).

5.3 International migration

Voluntary and forced (involuntary) movements.

Causes and patterns of international migrations (including economic migration and refugee flows)

and impacts on source areas and receiving/destination areas.

5.4 The management of international migration

Case study: candidates must study one international migration stream: its causes, character, scale,

pattern and impacts on source areas and receiving/destination areas.