Unit Objectives

By the end of this unit, students will be able to: 

• Define modulation, closely-related keys, pivot chord modulation, and direct modulation in the context of common-practice Western art music. 

• List closely-related keys for any major or minor key and determine appropriate pivot chords for modulating between these keys. 

• Recognize modulation in examples from the repertoire, identifying keys, pivots, Roman numerals, and functional labels. 

• Describe strategies for modulation using pivot chords and demonstrate proficiency in composing and analyzing harmonies that incorporate modulation. 

• Harmonize a given melody using a pivot chord modulation to a closely-related key.