Lilly MacInnis
Adipithecus ramidus was first discovered in 1992 by Tim White and members of an excavation team (Boisserie, 2010). They were working at the Aramis site in the Middle Awash region in Ethiopia. In total over 150,00 plant and animal fossils were recovered, including 110 from Adipithecus ramidus (White et al., 2009a). While a large amount of fossils were uncovered their poor condition delayed the release of any findings. The remains were very fragile, dry and disintegrated upon touch but after years of work a comprehensive report was published in 2009 (Boisserie, 2010).
The type specimen for Adipithecus ramidus is ARA-VP-6/1 and is made up of maxillary and mandibular dentition (White et al., 2009a). This dentition is important because it separates Adipithecus ramidus as a unique species, separate from other hominins (White et al., 2009a).
Specimen ARA-VP-6/500 represents the most complete skeleton found and has been given the nickname "Ardi". This skeleton was most likely a female and stood at 3.9 ft tall and weighed 112 lbs (White et al., 2009b). She had several ancestral and dervied traits. The ancestral traits include a small brain, about 300-350 cc, substantial prognathism, and a u-shaped dental arcade (White et al., 2009b). She also had long forearms and fingers, an apelike lower pelvis, and an opposable big toe. When is comes to derived traits Ardi has a nonhoning complex, short canines, a sciatic notch and a rigid foot structure (White et al., 2009b).
The area in which Adipithecus ramidus was discovered today is surrounded by a hot desert, which is in sharp contrast to the habitat that Adipithecus ramidus lived in. 4.4 million years ago the area was dominated by woodland, with both patches of denser forest and open grasslands and a number of different species (Boisserie, 2010). Through analysis of Adipithecus ramidus dentition is has been determined that they were omnivores and had a diverse diet (Boisserie, 2010).
There are important implications that result from Adipithecus ramidus, mainly concerning her feet! Adipithecus ramidus's foot combines charateristics from what can be observed in both modern humans and apes. Adipithecus ramidus has a flexible, opposable big toe however the rest of her foot is more stiff and modeled for bipedalism (Prang, 2019). This is important because it means that Adipithecus ramidus was not a knuckle walker, and modern humans did not evolve from a knuckle walking ancestor (Lovejoy, 2009).
Adipithecus ramidus, while giving us some answers about early human evolution leaves us with many questions. Many researchers argue that Adipithecus ramidus evolved from Adipithecus kadabba, however this has not be definitively proven (White et al., 2009b). There are also many questions about what happened to A after they died out. If A evolved into another hominin there has yet to be any research published about it.
Boisserie Jean-Renaud. Ardipithecus ramidus and the birth of humanity. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 25, année 2010. pp. 271-281; doi : 10.3406/ethio.2010.1420
C. Owen Lovejoy ,Reexamining Human Origins in Light of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 326,74, 74e1-74e8(2009).DOI:10.1126/science.1175834
Prang TC. The African ape-like foot of Ardipithecus ramidus and its implications for the origin of bipedalism. Elife. 2019 Apr 30;8:e44433. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44433.
White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature. 1994 Sep 22;371(6495):306-12. doi: 10.1038/371306a0. Erratum in: Nature. 1995 May 4;375(6526):88. doi: 10.1038/375088a0.
White, Tim D. et al., Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids. Science 326,64, 75-86(2009).DOI:10.1126/science.1175802