CHICAGO
Notes-Bibliography vs. Author-Date Styles
The Notes-Bibliography system and the Author-Date system are two forms of citing works in a Chicago-style piece. The differences between these two systems are as follows.
The Notes-Bibliography system uses:
Footnotes or endnotes
A bibliography
The Author-Date system uses:
Parenthetical citations
A reference list
Both systems are very similar but have certain key differences, so be sure to check which system to use for your assignment!
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Citing Sources
Whenever you use a resource and directly quote the source or paraphrase some of their ideas in your own paper, you need to cite the source in-line or in footnotes. This is the case when using sources in PowerPoints as well. You also must cite your sources when you are using an image in your paper or PowerPoint. All citations need to be in your References at the end of your paper or as your last slide, as well.
For Chicago AD style, when referring to a particular idea by or quoting a source, in-line citations follow a parenthetical format:
(Last Name Year, Page Number(s))
Example:
In their article, Weitsman and Eddy argue that "[e]xperiments studying the transcription, translation, and functionality of random of random sequences are proving to be fruitful territory" (Weitsman & Eddy 2017, 663).
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
The Basic Formula for Chicago Style (Notes-Bibliography)
Journal Articles
Footnote:
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Periodical vol., no. (year): page(s), access date, DOI or URL.
Example:
Written by one author:
Thomas G. Kurtz, "A Random Trotter Product Formula," Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 35 (1972): 152, accessed April 14, 2022, https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/5581321523.
Written by two or three authors:
Caroline M. Weisman and Sean R. Eddy, "Gene Evolution: Getting Something from Nothing," Current Biology 27, no. 13 (2017): 663, accessed April 14, 2022, https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/7086680100.
Written by multiple authors (4 or more):
Xiao-hui Huang, et. al., "Random Sparse Sampling Strategy Using Stochastic Simulation and Estimation for a Population Pharmacokinetic Study," Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (2014): 64, accessed April 14, 2022, https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/4951178387.
Written by no authors:
"Random Thoughts: 'hose stuff'," Fire Engineering 152, no. 6 (2006): 140, accessed April 14, 2022, https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/207676997.
Bibliography:
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Periodical vol., no. (year): pages. Access date. DOI or URL.
Example:
Written by one author:
Kurtz, Thomas G. "A Random Trotter Product Formula." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 35 (1972): 147-154. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/5581321523.
Written by two authors:
Weisman, Caroline M, and Sean R Eddy. “Gene Evolution: Getting Something from Nothing.” Current Biology 27, no. 13 (2017): 661-663. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/7086680100.
Written by multiple authors:
Huang Xiao-hui, Kun Wang, Ji-Han Huang, Ling Xu, Lu-jin Li, Yu-cheng Sheng, and Qing-shan Zheng. "Random Sparse Sampling Strategy Using Stochastic Simulation and Estimation for a Population Pharmacokinetic Study." Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (2014): 63-69. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/4951178387.
Written by no authors:
"Random Thoughts: 'hose stuff'." Fire Engineering, vol. 152, no. 6 (2006): 140. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/207676997.
Books
Footnote:
Traditional Print books:
First Name Last Name, Title of Book (City of publication: Publisher, year of publication), page number.
Examples:
Carol Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide (London.: Bloomsbury, 2016), 220.
Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist (London: One World, 2019), 156.
Ijeoma Oluo, So You Want to Talk about Race (New York: Seal Press, 2018), 142.
Electronic books:
First Name Last Name, Title of book (City of publication: Publisher, year of publication), URL.
Audiobooks:
First Name Last Name, Title of book, read by First Name Last Name (City of publication: Publisher, year), medium [i.e., audible audio, audiobook], running time.
Bibliography:
Traditional Print books:
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date.
Examples:
Anderson, Carol. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. London.: Bloomsbury, 2016.
Kendi, Ibram X. How to Be an Antiracist. London: One World, 2019.
Oluo Ijeoma. So You Want to Talk about Race. New York: Seal Press, 2018.
Electronic books:
Last Name, First Name. Title of book. City of publication: Publisher, year of publication. URL.
Audiobooks:
Last Name First Name. Title of book. Read by First Name Last Name. City of publication: Publisher, year. Medium [i.e., audible audio, audiobook], running time.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Newspaper Articles
Footnotes
Traditional print news article:
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year.
Laura Collins-Hughes, "Provincetown: Go for the Mask Compliance, Stay for the Show," New York Times, August 1, 2020.
*Lesser-known newspapers should be followed by (City, abbr. State)*
Online news article:
First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year, URL
Tara Parker-Pope, "A User's Guide to Face Masks," New York Times, April 10, 2020, https://nyti.ms/39Ycq3p.
Bibliography
Traditional print news article:
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year.
Collins-Hughes, Laura. "Provincetown: Go for the Mask Compliance, Stay for the Show." New York Times, August 1, 2020.
*Lesser-known newspapers should be followed by (City, abbr. State)*
Online news article (from a publisher with a physical newspaper):
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year. URL
Parker-Pope, Tara. "A User's Guide to Face Masks." New York Times, April 10, 2020. https://nyti.ms/39Ycq3p
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Web Pages
Footnotes:
Example with an author:
Dave Stopera, "23 People Who Seriously Need to Take a Long, Hard Look at a Dictionary," Buzzfeed, August 4, 2020, https://www.buzzfeed.com/daves4/bad-spelling-errors?origin=web-hf.
First Name Last Name, "Title of Page," Website Name, Publishing Organization, publication/revision date if available OR access date, URL.
Example with a group as the author:
"How to Protect Yourself & Others." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified February 25, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html.
"Title of page." Site name, publication/revision date if available OR access date, URL.
Example with no author:
"Aaron Swartz." Wikipedia, last modified April 1, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz.
"Title of page." Site name, publication/revision date if available OR access date, URL.
Bibliography:
Example with an author:
Stopera, Dave. "23 People Who Seriously Need to Take a Long, Hard Look at a Dictionary." Buzzfeed. August 4, 2020. https://www.buzzfeed.com/daves4/bad-spelling-errors?origin=web-hf.
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page." Website Name. Publishing Organization. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Example with a group as the author:
"How to Protect Yourself & Others." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last modified February 25, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html.
"Title of page." Site name. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Example with no author:
"Aaron Swartz." Wikipedia. Last modified April 1, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz.
"Title of page." Site name. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Social Media
Footnotes:
Blog post:
First Name Last Name, "Title of Blogpost," Name of Blog (blog), Month Day, Year of blogpost, URL of blogpost.
Facebook:
First Name Last Name or Name of Group, "Text of first sentence/description of the post," Facebook, Month Day, Year of Post, URL.
Instagram:
First Name Last Name or Name of Group (@username), "Text of first sentence/description of the post," Instagram, Month Day, Year of Post, URL.
Twitter:
First Name Last Name or Name of Group (@username), "Text of first sentence/description of the post," Twitter, Month Day, Year of Post, URL.
*Typically, blog posts and social media posts (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) are only cited in the notes. If you use a post multiple times, however, then you may elect to include it in the bibliography*
YouTube (or other streaming services):
First name Last Name of the creator, “Title of the video or audio,” Youtube, Month Day, Year posted, video, video length, URL.
Bibliography:
Blog post:
Last Name First Name. "Title of Blogpost." Name of Blog (blog). Month Day, Year of blogpost. URL of blogpost.
Facebook:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group. "Text of first sentence/description of the post." Facebook. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
Instagram:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group (@username). "Text of first sentence/description of the post." Instagram. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
Twitter:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group (@username). "Text of first sentence/description of the post." Twitter. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
*Typically, blog posts and social media posts (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) are only cited in the notes. If you use a post multiple times, however, then you may elect to include it in the bibliography*
YouTube (or other streaming services):
Last Name, First name of the creator. “Title of the video or audio.” Youtube. Month Day, Year posted. Video. Video length. URL.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
The Basic Formula for Chicago Style (Author-Date)
Journal Articles
Bibliography:
Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." Title of Periodical vol., no. (Season/Month): pages. Access date. DOI or URL.
Example:
Written by one author:
Kurtz, Thomas G. 1972. "A Random Trotter Product Formula." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 35 (September): 147-154. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/5581321523.
Written by two authors:
Weisman, Caroline M, and Sean R Eddy. 2017. “Gene Evolution: Getting Something from Nothing.” Current Biology 27, no. 13 (July): 661-663. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/7086680100.
Written by multiple authors:
Huang Xiao-hui, Kun Wang, Ji-Han Huang, Ling Xu, Lu-jin Li, Yu-cheng Sheng, and Qing-shan Zheng. 2014. "Random Sparse Sampling Strategy Using Stochastic Simulation and Estimation for a Population Pharmacokinetic Study." Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January): 63-69. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/4951178387.
Written by no authors:
"Random Thoughts: 'hose stuff'." 2006. Fire Engineering, vol. 152, no. 6 (November): 140. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://bridgewatercollege.on.worldcat.org/oclc/207676997.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Books
Bibliography
Traditional Print books:
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Anderson, Carol. 2016. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. London.: Bloomsbury.
Kendi, Ibram X. 2019. How to Be an Antiracist. London: One World.
Oluo Ijeoma. 2018. So You Want to Talk about Race. New York: Seal Press.
Electronic books:
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of book. City of publication: Publisher. URL.
Audiobooks:
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of book. Read by First Name Last Name. City of publication: Publisher. Medium [i.e., audible audio, audiobook], running time.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Newspaper Articles
Bibliography
Traditional print news article:
Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year.
Collins-Hughes, Laura. 2020. "Provincetown: Go for the Mask Compliance, Stay for the Show." New York Times, August 1, 2020.
*Lesser-known newspapers should be followed by (City, abbr. State)*
Online news article (from a publisher with a physical newspaper):
Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, Year. URL.
Parker-Pope, Tara. 2020. "A User's Guide to Face Masks." New York Times, April 10, 2020. https://nyti.ms/39Ycq3p
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Web Pages
Bibliography
Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Page." Website Name. Publishing Organization. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Example with an author:
Stopera, Dave. 2020. "23 People Who Seriously Need to Take a Long, Hard Look at a Dictionary." Buzzfeed. August 4, 2020. https://www.buzzfeed.com/daves4/bad-spelling-errors?origin=web-hf.
"Title of page." Year. Site name. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Example with a group as the author:
"How to Protect Yourself & Others." 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last modified February 25, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html.
"Title of page." Year. Site name. Publication/revision date if available OR access date. URL.
Example with no author:
"Aaron Swartz." Wikipedia. Last modified April 1, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Social Media
Bibliography:
Blog post:
Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Blogpost." Name of Blog (blog). Month Day, Month Day, Year of blogpost. URL of blogpost.
Facebook:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group. Year."Text of first sentence/description of the post." Facebook. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
Instagram:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group (@username). Year."Text of first sentence/description of the post." Instagram. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
Twitter:
Last Name, First Name or Name of Group (@username). Year. "Text of first sentence/description of the post." Twitter. Month Day, Year of Post. URL.
*Typically, blog posts and social media posts (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) are only cited in the notes. If you use a post multiple times, however, then you may elect to include it in the bibliography*
YouTube (or other streaming services):
Last Name, First name of the creator. Year. “Title of the video or audio.” Youtube. Month Day, Year posted. Video. Video length. URL.
Forrer Learning Commons Library Services: Citing Sources and Preventing Plagiarism: Citing With Chicago Style. libguides.bridgewater.edu/c.php?g=944737&p=9017193.
Citation Generators
Please note that you will need to set your chosen citation generator to the style you are doing, and will need to check over your citations for accuracy. Many databases will provide an accurate, stylized citation for you.