Biology 30
Genetics and Inheritance
Information
Major Text: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Biology, Chapter 17
Lab Exercises: - Monohybrid Cross
- Human Pedigree Analysis – This is to be brought to a teacher for marking.
- Chromosome Mapping
Evaluation:
A test is to be written at the end of this section. It will cover all of the objectives listed below. You must have your lab write-ups approved by a Biology teacher in order to get test permission.
Introduction: You have probably noticed that most people have some resemblance to their parents. Knowing what you do about human reproduction this would make sense because both the mother and the father pass on D.N.A. to their offspring. How does this combination of genetic material result in a unique individual created by sexual reproduction? There have been theories of inheritance for hundreds of years but none of them were accurate until Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out a series of experiments with garden peas and came to some important conclusions about inheritance. Mendel is often regarded as the father of modern genetics because of his discoveries which form the basis of what we now know about inheritance. In these units you will learn about Mendel's conclusions and other basics of genetics.
Objectives: When you have completed the learning activities for this unit you will be expected to:
1. Explain selective breeding. (page 586)
2. List some of the early theories of inheritance. (pages 856-587)
3. Differentiate between a dominant and recessive allele. (page 588)
4. State Mendel's Law of Segregation. (page 589)
5. Use a Punnett square to solve basic genetics problems involving one trait. (pages 589-
591)
6. Explain how a test cross can be used to determine the genotype of an individual. (page
591)
7. State and apply Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. (pages 591- 593)
8. Use a Punnett square to solve basic genetics problems involving two traits. (pages 591-
593)
9. Distinguish between co-dominance and incomplete dominance. (pages 594-595)
10. State the chromosomal theory of inheritance. (pages 595-596)
11. Explain why linked genes do not follow the Law of Independent Assortment. (pages
595-596)
12. Explain why crossing over is more likely to occur between genes that are farther
apart. (pages 599-600)
13. Calculate the distance between genes based on crossing over frequencies. (page 599-
602)
14. Solve genetics problems involving sex-linked traits. (page 601)
15. Explain what a Barr body is. (pages 603-604)
16. Solve problems involving multiple alleles and understand the order of dominance.
(pages 604-605)
17. Define continuous trait and polygenic trait. (pages 605-607)
18. Provide examples that illustrates how the environment can affect gene expression.
(page 609)
19. Outline some benefits to the selective breeding of plants and animals. (pages 610-611)
20. Be able to draw and analyze a pedigree. (pages 611-615)
21. Distinguish between the different patterns of inheritance on a pedigree. (pages 612-
614)
22. Describe how human genetic analysis can be beneficial. (pages 614-616)
23. Describe the role of a genetic counselor. (page 616)
24. Solve genetics problems involving gender using the multiplication rule.
(Appendix A – Probability and the Multiplication Rule)
Learning Activities: While doing the readings for this unit, take notes as you see fit. Pay close attention to bold terms and diagrams. The practice questions at the end of each section might also be helpful.
1. You are responsible for the information presented in chapter 17 of the textbook as well as Appendix A.
Appendix A: Genetics Appendix A
2. To see a video on how to to basic one and two trait crosses, click on this link: Genetics video. To view this video you need to download the free loom app. Alternatively watch this video from Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5ymMYcLtv0&list=PL5JaZVPnPe4ZlzNZG7oF6cCDkyX5J0dki&index=7
2. Do as many practice questions in the text book as you find necessary to master the material. The following questions should definitely be considered: page 598 3-12, page 609 1-3, 5-6, page 617 1-4. The chapter 17 review on pages 620-621 might also be helpful. The answers to all text questions can be found on D2L.
Genetics Textbook Answers: Genetics Textbook Solutions
3. Vocabulary check: Be able to define the following terms:
selective breeding
true breeding
monohybrid cross
parental generation
first filial generation
second filial generation
dominant allele
recessive allele
complete dominance
law of segregation
genotype
phenotype
homozygous
heterozygous
test cross
independent assortment
dihybrid cross
incomplete dominance
co-dominance
heterozygote advantage
chromosome theory of inheritance
linked genes
crossing over
recombinant type
parental type
recombination frequency
sex-linked traits
Barr body
multiple alleles
order of dominance
continuous traits
polygenic traits
pedigree
autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive
genetic screening
4. Technologies: Be familiar with the following technologies and be able to list advantages and disadvantages to society for each one:
Selective breeding Genetic Screening Genetic Counseling
5. Perform the following lab activities: Monohybrid Cross, Human Pedigree Analysis, and Chromosome Mapping. Specific instructions are found in the links below.. Please note that the lab, Human Pedigree Analysis, is to be marked by a teacher when you ask for test permission.
Genetics Labs: Genetics Labs
6. Attend the optional seminars for this topic. The schedule can be found on the white board in the science resource centre. The seminar schedule is also posted on D2L. The seminar handouts may available in the science resource centre and on D2L.
Genetics Seminar Presentations: Genetics Seminar Presentations
7. If you can’t make the seminar you have another review option. Each topic on D2L has video seminar clips that you can review on your own time. As well, check out the Khan Academy videos and Crash Course videos related to this topic. Links to these are found on D2L. Please note that these videos are not made specifically for Bio 30 in Alberta so in some cases there is more or less information than you need for this course, but they are very helpful for understanding the topic.
Genetics Video Links: Genetics Video Links
8. Do the self-test that follows in this learning guide, as well as the practice genetics questions provided should you require the extra practice.
Genetics Self-Test and Extra Practice: Genetics Self-Test and Extra Practice
Evaluation: After completing all of the above exercises, have your lab write-ups approved by a biology teacher and get test permission. Go to the testing centre to write the exam for Genetics and Inheritance.