Biology 30
Cell Division
Information
Major Text: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Inquiry into Biology, Chapter 16
Lab Exercises: - Principles of Cell Division – This is to be brought to a teacher for evaluation.
- Identifying Genetic Disorders
Evaluation:
A test is to be written at the end of this topic. It will cover all of the objectives listed below. You must have your lab write-ups approved by a Biology teacher in order to get test permission.
Introduction: According to the cell theory, all living things are composed of cells and cells can only come from pre-existing cells. For this to be the case, cells must undergo cell division. When fertilization occurs, and a new life is formed, the resulting zygote is one cell. Eventually, that one cell organism will grow into an adult with billions of cells. This is accomplished through a type of cell division called mitosis which allows multi-cellular organisms to grow and develop. Also, some unicellular organisms reproduce asexually through mitosis. When an adult human reproduces, he needs to make special sex cells called gametes. These cells are different than regular body cells in that they only have one set of chromosomes. A special type of cell division, meiosis, is necessary to accomplish this.
Objectives: When you have completed the learning activities for this unit you will be expected to:
1. Describe the cell cycle of somatic cells. (pages 550 and 553-555)
2. Differentiate between DNA, chromosomes, and chromatin. (pages 551- 552)
3. Distinguish between a haploid (monoploid) cell and a diploid cell. (page552)
4. Explain the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome. (page 552)
5. Differentiate between genes and alleles. (page 552)
6. Explain what a karyotype is, how it is prepared, and why it is valuable. (page 553 and
Appendix A – Preparing a Karyotype)
7. List the major events that take place during the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.
(pages 553-555)
8. Explain the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis. (page 555)
9. Distinguish between a chromosome and a chromatid. (page 555 and Appendix B –
Counting Chromosomes)
10. List the functions of mitosis. (page556)
11. Identify the important events that take place during prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase of mitosis. (page 556-558)
12. Identify the differences in mitosis and cytokinesis between plant cells and animal
cells. (page 558-559)
13. Explain some of the factors that regulate the cell cycle and explain what happens in
the case of cancer. (page 560-561)
14. Explain the two key outcomes of meiosis. (page 563)
15. Identify the differences in mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of cells
produced, the chromosomal content of the cells produced, number of divisions, as
well as the presence or absence of synapsis of homologous chromosomes and
crossing over. (pages 563-566)
16. Identify the important events that take place during each stage of meiosis I and
meiosis II. (pages 563-565)
17. Explain how meiosis is a source of genetic variability through independent
assortment and crossing over. (pages 565-566)
18. Explain how nondisjunction can lead to cells with too many or too few chromosomes
and list several related disorders. (pages 567-568) Pay attention to the table presented
in Thought Lab 16.1)
19. Identify several differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animals.
(pages 569-570)
20. Identify the causes of fraternal and identical twins. (pages 570-571)
21. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction and outline the advantages to an
organism for each one. (pages 573 and 578-580)
22. Outline the methods of reproduction in prokaryotes. (pages 573-574)
23. Describe the different types of asexual reproduction. (pages574-575)
24. Explain the concept of alternation of generations and give examples of organisms that
exhibit this. (pages 575-577)
25. Analyze life cycles of various organisms and identify mitosis, meiosis, and
fertilization as well as determine which parts of the cycle are haploid and which are
diploid. (pages 575-577 and Appendix C – Analyzing Life Cycles)
26. Using a microscope, identify cells in the different stages of the cell cycle, and use the
numbers to calculate the length of time that a phase takes. (Lab activity)
Learning Activities: When doing the readings for this unit take notes as you see fit. Pay close attention to bold terms and diagrams. The practice questions at the end of each section might be helpful to gage your understanding. The answers to all textbook questions can be found on D2L.
1. You are responsible for the information presented in chapter 16 of the textbook as well as Appendices A, B, and C.
Appendices A, B,C: Cell Division Appendices
2. Do as many of the practice questions in the textbook as you find necessary to master the material. The following questions should definitely be considered: page 555 1-7, page 561 1-7, page 580 1-9. The chapter 16 review on pages 582-583 should also be helpful. The answers to all textbook questions are on D2L.
Cell Division Textbook answers: Cell Division Text Answers
3. Vocabulary check: Be able to define the following terms:
somatic cell parent cell daughter cell DNA chromosome histones
chromatin centromere homologous chromosome autosome sex chromosome
gene locus alleles diploid haploid gametes polyploid karyotype
chorionic villus biopsy amniocentesis interphase sister chromatid mitosis
cytokinesis cleavage furrow cell plate cancer reduction division recombination
meiosis germ cell synapsis tetrad non-sister chromatids independent assortment
crossing over chiasmata nondisjunction trisomy monosomy spermatogenesis
oogenesis spermatogonium oogonium primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte
spermatids primary oocyte secondary oocyte ootid polar body Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction sporophyte gametophyte
4. Technologies: The impact of technology on society is a major focus for Biology 30. You should be familiar with the following technologies and be able to list advantages and disadvantages to each.
Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Karyotyping
(Information on amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are found on pages 658-659. You are responsible for this material for this 2 test.
5. Attend the optional seminars for this topic. The schedule can be found on the white board in the science resource centre. The seminar schedule is also posted on D2L. The seminar handouts are available in the science resource centre and on D2L.
Cell Division seminar presentations: Cell Division Seminar Presentations
6. If you can’t make the seminar you have another review option. Each topic on D2L has video seminar clips that you can review on your own time. As well, check out the Khan Academy videos and Crash Course videos related to this topic. Links to these are found on D2L. Please note that these videos are not made specifically for Bio 30 in Alberta so in some cases there is more or less information than you need for this course, but they are very helpful for understanding the topic.
Cell Division video links: Cell Division Video Links
7. Perform the following lab activities: Principles of Cell Division, and Identifying Genetic Disorders. Specific instructions are found in the link below. Please note that the lab, Principles of Cell Division is to be marked by a teacher when you ask for test permission.
Cell Division Labs: Cell Division Labs
8. Complete the self-test that follows in this learning guide. Self Test link: Cell Division Self-Test
Evaluation: After completing all of the above exercises, have your lab write-ups approved by a biology teacher and get test permission. Go to the testing centre to write the exam for cell division.