Riddah ki Jang

"Arab ke badwi log kehte hain, 'Hum imaan laaye hain.' Kaho, 'Tumne imaan nahi laaya, balki kaho: 'Hum to Islam laaye hain,' kyun ke imaan abhi tak tumhare dilon mein nahi utara.

Lekin agar tum Allah aur uske Rasool ki itaat karo, toh Allah tumhare kisi bhi aamal ko kam na karega.

Allah bohot maaf karne wala, bohot meherban hai.'

Woh hi log imaan wale hain jo Allah aur uske Rasool par imaan laaye hain, aur phir kabhi shak nahi kiya, aur apni maal-o-jaam aur apne jism se Allah ke raaste mei jihad kiya: wohi sacche hain."

[Quran 49:14-15] 

"Riddah asal mei Nabi ﷺ ke zindagi mei hi shuru ho gayi thi, aur Riddah ka pehla bara action Nabi ﷺ (PBUH) ke zindagi mein lara gaya tha, jo ke kamyabi se mukammal hua. Lekin Riddah ka asal aur sab se bara khatra Nabi ﷺ ke wafat ke baad samne aaya, jab Arabia ke har kone mein imaan ke baad kufr ka ek shiddat se lehr chal rahi thi aur isay Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) ko sambhalna parha. Is liye Riddah ki jang ko yahan ek puri jang ke tor par liya gaya hai, halaan ke chronologically iske pehle ke kuch events history ke Part I mei aate hain."

Apostasy ka pehla bara waqiya Yemen mei hua, jise "Incident of Aswad Al Ansi" ke naam se jana jata hai. Aswad Ans ki aik qabeela ka sardaar tha jo Yemen ke maghribi hisson mei rehta tha. Uska asal naam Abhala bin Kab tha, lekin uski bohat kaali rangat ki wajah se usay Aswad, yani "Kala" kaha jata tha. Aswad aik aise shakhs tha jo kai khoobiyo ka malik tha, lekin unmein se kam hi khoobiya is ke liye qabil-e-ghaur thi. Apostasy se pehle, wo aik qabeela ka sardaar aur ilm ka daawa karne wala (soothsayer) tha.

Hijra ke dasween saal mein, Arabian landmass ke dakhlani aur junubi ilaakon ke log Islam mein daakhil ho gaye the. Prophet (SAW) ne apne daawat ke liye envoys, teachers aur missions bheje thay, jo apna kaam mukammal kar chuke the. Lekin, in ilaakon ke log asal mein sachay Musalmaan nahi bane the, unka Islam mein daakhila zyada tar ek riwayati amal tha, na ke dil se yaqeen ka badlao.

Is se pehle ke log Islam mei daakhil hote, Yemen ko Farsi emperor ki taraf se aik noble-farsi, Bazan, govern karta tha. Yeh Bazan Musalmaan ho gaii aur Prophet (SAW) ne isay Yemen ka governor banaya tha. Bazan ek danishmand aur nek shakhs tha, aur iske hukoomat ke under Yemen khushhal ho gaya tha. Lekin, Prophet (SAW) ke aakhri Hajj se kuch waqt pehle, Bazan ka inteqal ho gaya, aur Prophet (SAW) ne Bazan ke bete Shahr ko Yemen ka governor bana diya tha. Yemen mein aman ka mahaul tha aur kisi bhi qisam ka khauf ya musibat nahi thi.

Phir, jab Prophet (SAW) ka aakhri Hajj chal raha tha, Aswad ne faisla kiya ke wo bhi apna paighaam dene wala Nabi banega. Usne apne qabeelay ko jama kiya, aur apne kuch ashaar parh kar yeh dawa kiya ke wo Allah k Rasool hai. Aswad ke paas aik gadha tha, jise usne khaas tareeqe se train kiya tha, aur wo usse kuch aise aadat dilata tha ke wo uss gadhay se kuch kaam karwata tha. Wo keh ta tha, "Apne Malik ke samne jhuk jao", aur gadha jhuk jaata tha. Phir wo keh ta, "Apne malik ke samne ghutna tekdo", aur gadha ghutna tek deta. Is wajah se Aswad ko is ilaqe mein "Dhul Himar" yani "Gadhay wala" ke naam se jaana jaata tha. Lekin kuch tareekhi rawayaat ke mutabiq, Aswad ko "Dhul Khumar" bhi kaha gaya tha, yani "Peene wala" kyun ke wo sharaab ka bohot aadat tha aur aksar nasha mein rehta tha.

Phir bhi, uska qabeela uska peecha karta gaya, aur usay ek asal Nabi samajh kar uski pairwi karte gaye. Aswad ka apna qabeela uske saath tha, aur is ghalat fehmi me wo Yemen ke doosre chhote qabeelon ko bhi shamil karne mein kamyab hua. Aswad ne 700 sawariyon ka aik fauj banayi aur Najran ki taraf rawana ho gaya. Usne asaani se Najran par qabza kar liya aur wahan ke Musalmaan hukoomat ko nikaal diya. Khushi se bharpoor, usne apna banda wahan governor bana diya aur San'a ki taraf rawana ho gaya.

Shahr, jo Yemen ka naye appointed Musalmaan governor tha, ko Najran par Aswad ke qabze ka pata chala, aur usne faisla kiya ke Aswad ko San'a tak pohnchne se pehle roka jaaye. Shahr ne aik chhoti si fauj tayaar ki (kyunki uske paas zyada fauj nahi thi) aur Aswad ke saath jang karne ke liye rawana ho gaya. Dono faujein kuch faasla door tak aayi aur aik chhoti si jang hui jo Aswad ke haq mein khatam hui. Musalmaan fauj shikast kha gayi, aur Shahr maar diya gaya, jiske baad uski khoobsurat patni Azad reh gayi. Paanch din baad, Aswad ne San'a mei daakhil hokar us par apna qabza kar liya. Yeh tamam waqiya 25 din mei ghata tha, jab se Aswad ne apna qabeela jama kar ke apni Nabi hone ka dawa kiya tha.

REF: Balazuri: p. 113.

Zyada tar Yemen ab uska tha. Aur apne fauji aur siyasati kamiyabi ka puri tarah se lutf uthane ke liye, Aswad ne zabardasti khoobsurat Azad se shaadi kar li. Bechari widowed aurat ke paas koi chaara nahi tha, siwaaye iske ke wo nafrat angiz Donkey-Walah ki peechay doli hui garmiyon mei uska shikar ban gayi.

Najran aur Sana'a par qabza kar lene ke baad, Aswad ne apni jeet ko mazid mustahkam kar liya aur apni hukoomat ko Yemen ke tamam ilaqon tak phailaya, jismei kayi qabeele usse apna hukmaran aur nabi maantay thay. Jaise jaise uski qudrat barhti gayi, wo apne nabi hone ke ilaqe se mutmain nahi tha aur apne aap ko "Rahman of Yemen" kehlana shuru kar diya. "Rahman" ka lafz Allah ki ek sifat hai jo ke Muslimon ki zubaan mei Allah ka ek naam hai. Is tarah, Aswad ne apne liye wo khuda ka title daawa kiya, jo kisi insaan ka haq nahi hota bina ke kuch bure nateejay ka samna kiye.

Halaanke, uske mutabeqon ke liye, wo "Rahman of Yemen" ke naam se mashhoor ho gaya tha. Uski sharaab ke asraar jari rahe, aur uski khushiyan azab bhari Azad ke saath bhi jari thi, jiske liye uski nafrat itni badh gayi ke usne apne dost se kaha, "Mujhe us se zyada nafrat koi insaan sy nahi."

Aswad apni khudgarzi mei, Persian Bazan ke khandan ke khilaaf bhi khada ho gaya tha aur unke zindah bache huay fardon ko har tarah ki bizzati aur badtameezi ka shikar bana diya tha. Isne Fairoz Al Deilami ka dushman bana diya, jo ke ek mustahkam aur asal Muslim tha aur Persian khandan ka member tha aur Azad ka cousin tha.

Jis waqt Aswad ne apne khud ko nabi ke naam par izzat di thi, Madinah mei asli Nabi Muhammad (SAW) ko puri maloomat mil gayi thi aur wo is masla ko hal karne ke liye qadam uthane waale the. Holy Prophet (SAW) ne Qais bin Hubaira ko bheja tha ke wo Aswad ka safaya karne ke liye ek tehqiqat karain. Qais apne manzile tak pohnch gaya aur Aswad ke khilaf ek zubaan se jang mei shaamil hone wale Fairoz se mulaqat ki.

Qais aur Fairoz ne mil kar Aswad ke khilaf ek raazdari jang ki tayyari shuru kar di thi. Yeh kaam asaan nahi tha, kyonki Aswad ek bara, taqatwar aur zordaar insaan tha, jo apni shakti aur zalimiyat ke liye mashhoor tha, aur usne Fairoz ko apna dushman samajh liya tha. Iske ilawa, wo ek maqbara mei rehta tha, jo ek oonchi deewar se ghera hua tha aur jismein apne wafadaron ko rakha tha jo uski imaan aur wafadari par yaqeen rakhte thay.

Fairoz ne Azad se raabta kiya, apna maqsad usko bataya aur uski madad hasil karni ki guzarish ki, jo Azad ne puri taur se qubool ki thi, aur usne samjha ke yeh uski badnaseebi se chutkaara paane ka ek hi raasta hai. Ek khaas raat, 30 May 632 (6th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, 11 Hijri) ko yeh kaam karne ka faisla kiya gaya. Raat ke 12 bajay ke baad, jab chaand bhi doob gaya tha aur koi bhi fauj ka aadmi nazar nahi aa raha tha, Fairoz ne deewar ke paas rope se chadhai ki aur Azad ke kamre mei ghus gaya. Azad ne use apne kamre mein chhupaya aur dono cousins, jo ek hi mission ke liye tayaar the, intezaar karne lage.

Subah ke qareeb Azad apne kamre se bahar nikli aur Aswad ke kamre tak gayi, jo uske kamre ke paas tha. Usay pata tha ke wahan ek sentry hai, lekin wo nazar nahi aa raha tha. Usne darwaza khola, andar dekh kar wapis Fairoz ke paas aayi. Intiqam ki aag uski aankhon mein thi, aur usne dheere se kaha, "Ab! Wo sharaab mein dooba hua hai!"

Fairoz, jo Azad ke saath tha, dheere dheere uske kamre se nikal kar Aswad ke kamre tak pahuch gaya. Azad ne darwazay ke paas khadi ho kar Fairoz ko andar jane diya. Jaise hi Aswad ne Fairoz ko dekha, wo bed par baitha ho gaya aur dar ke mare apne aankhon se dekha. Fairoz ne foran sword uthai aur Aswad ke sir par zor se maar diya. Aswad apne takiye par gir gaya aur chhati se cheekh marne laga, "Jaise ek bail ki tarah chhildhne laga."

Uski cheekhon se sentry ne dhyaan diya aur Aswad ke kamre ki taraf bhaaga. Usne dekha ke Azad darwazay ke paas khadi hai aur poocha, "Rahman of Yemen ko kya ho gaya?" Azad ne apni ungli apne honton par rakhi aur kaha, "Chup raho!" Usne kaha, "Woh Allah se revelation le raha hai." Sentry ne samajh kar wohi jawab diya aur apne kaam ko jari rakha.

Azad intezaar karti rahi jab tak sentry ka step door nahi ho gaya, phir wo fatah se Aswad ke kamre ke andar gayi. Fairoz apne sword ke saath uske paas khada tha, lekin Aswad apni bed par uljhan ki wajah se latak raha tha. Dono ne mil kar kaam shuru kiya. Azad ne Aswad ka baal dono haathon se pakad liya aur uska sir neeche kar diya. Fairoz ne apni dagger nikaali aur thode hi lamhon mei Aswad ke sir ko uski badi jism se alag kar diya. Is tarah, false prophet Abhala bin Kab, alias Black One, alias Donkey-Walah, alias Drunk ka safar khatam ho gaya. Uski pareshani 3 mahine tak chalti rahi aur unki maut ki saath khatam hui, 6 din pehle Muhammad (SAW) ki wafat ke.

Aswad ki maut ke baad uski movement bhi safalta se nuksan mei badal gayi thi. Madinah mein Fairoz ki madad se logon ne uske followers par zordaar inteqam liya aur unhe maar daala. Kaafi log bach gaye aur baad mei Islam ki taraf wapas aa gaii. Kuch ne Islam ko wapis chhorha bhi. Fairoz ko Sana'a ka governor bana diya gaya.

Madinah ko ab ek aise waqt ka samna tha jahan har cheez roohani, siyasati aur jazbaati taur par bechaini ka samna kar rahi thi. Prophet Muhammad ki wafat ke baad, wo bhi har cheez se behaal ho gaii the. Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) ke sath rahe hue log usi roohani roshni mei taqat mehsoos karte thay. Unka safar ab akele ka ho gaya tha, aur unhe lagta tha ke ab unka koi nahi.

Jab Musalmanon ne Hazrat Abu Bakr ki ba'ait ke liye jama'at banayi, toh Hazrat Abu Bakr ne apni khilafat ki pehli takreer ki. Ye takreer unki aajzi aur inkisari ko aur bhi numayan karti thi aur ismei kisi qisam ki quwwat ka wada nahi tha. Unhone kaha:

"Allah ki hamd ho! Main ab tum par ikhtiyar rakhta hoon, lekin main tum mei sabse behtareen nahi hoon. Agar main neki karoon, toh meri madad karo. Agar main ghalat karoon, toh mujhe durust karo. Sachai imaandari hai, aur jhoot dagha hai.
Tum mei jo kamzor hai, wo meri nazar mei mazboot hai jab tak ke main uska haq usay na de doon, agar Allah ne chaha. Aur tum mei jo mazboot hai, wo meri nazar mei kamzor hai jab tak ke main uska haq na cheen loon, agar Allah ne chaha.
Tum mei se koi Allah ke raste mei jihad na chhorhe, kyun ke jo log aisa karte hain Allah un par zillat musallat kar deta hai. Aur jis qoum mei badkaarion ka rujhan aam ho jaye, Allah un par sakht azaab nazil karta hai.
Mujhe tab tak maana jab tak main Allah aur uske Rasool ki ita'at karoon; agar main Allah aur uske Rasool ki nafarmani karoon, toh tum par meri itaat farz nahi.
Apni namaz ko na bhoolna. Allah tum par reham kare!"

Hazrat Abu Bakr ke fazail aur Islam ke liye unki khidmat mashhoor thi. Unka shakhsi jazba, Nabi (SAWS) ke liye wafadari, jin se unhe "Siddiq" ka laqab mila, unka buland akhlaq aur Islam ke liye unka jazba qabil-e-shak nahi tha. Woh Islam qabool karne wale teesre mard the aur "Ashra Mubashra" mei unka rutba bohot uncha tha. Lekin kya ye sifaat mushkil halaat mein leadership ke liye kaafi theen?

Usama ki Fauj ke rawangi ka masla bhi ek naya khatra ban gaii. May 632 ke darmiyan, jab Nabi (SAWS) bemaar the, unhone Jordan par ek baray hamlay ki tayyari ka hukm diya. Har shakhs ko is fauj ka hissa ban'na tha. Nabi (SAWS) ne Usama bin Zaid ko is lashkar ka sarparast banaya. Usama sirf 22 saal ke naujawan the aur Zaid bin Harithah (jo Peghambar ke freedman the) ke beta the. Halankeh Usama kisi qabil khaandaan se taluq nahi rakhte the, lekin Nabi (SAWS) ne unhein sabse purane aur behtareen lashkari sardaroon par fauj ka ameer banaya.

Usama ko Mutah ka ilaqa (Jordan mein) markazi maqsad diya gaya. Nabi (SAWS) ne hukm diya, "Us jagah jao jahan tumhare walid shaheed hue the. Un ilaqon par raid maaro. Jaldi karo, apne sath raahnuma lo aur apne scouts aur jasoos aagey bhejo." Nabi (SAWS) ke inteqal se pehle unhone phir kaha, "Usama ki fauj ko rawana karna na bhoolna!"

Jab Nabi (SAWS) ka inteqal 5 June 632 ko hua, usi din Hazrat Abu Bakr khilafat par fa'iz hue. Agle din Hazrat Abu Bakr ne Usama ki fauj ko tayar rehne ka hukm diya. Saare mashhoor Sahaba jo jang ke liye dastiyab the, Usama ke lashkar mei shamil kiye gaye. Hazrat Umar ko bhi is fauj mei bheja gaya.

Lekin jab baghawat ki khabarain phailne lagin, kuch baray Musalman Hazrat Abu Bakr ke paas gaii aur kaha, "Aap Usama ki fauj ko bhej rahe hain jab ke zyada tar Arab baghawat kar chuke hain aur fasad har taraf phail raha hai? Musalman kam hain aur kafir zyada. Yeh fauj nahi bheji ja sakti!"

Hazrat Abu Bakr apne faislay par qaim rahe. Unhone jawab diya:
"Agar jangli kuttey Rasool Allah (SAWS) ki biwiyon ke qadam ke ird gird ghoom rahe hote, tab bhi main Usama ki fauj ko bhejta, jaisa Nabi (SAWS) ne hukm diya."

Tarikh al-Tabari (History of al-Tabari) 

Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 461. 

Kuch aur din guzar gaye. Dehaat se aane wali khabrein aur bhi ziada khaufnaak hoti gayin. Phir ek din Usama, jo Madinah aur Islam ke liye dusron ki tarah hi fikrmand thay, Hazrat Umar se bolay: "Khilifa ke paas jao aur unse guzarish karo ke fauj ko Madinah mei rehne ki ijazat dein. Sab qom ke rehnuma mere saath hain. Agar hum chale gaii, to koi nahi bachega jo kafiron ko Madinah ko tabah karne se rok sake."

Hazrat Umar ne is mashwara maan liya aur Khilifa se baat karne ke liye nikal gaii. Jab wo camp se nikal rahay thay, to kuch aur rehnuma mile jo usi tajweez ka izhar karte hue bole: "Agar wo is baat par razi nahi hote ke hum Madinah mei ruken, aur humein jaana pade, to kam az kam usama ki jagah kisi buzurg shakhs ko fauj ka sardar banayein." Hazrat Umar ne is baat ko bhi maan liya ke wo isko samjhayein.

Madinah mei Hazrat Abu Bakr apne ghar ke farsh par baithe the, un lamhon ke wazn ke aadat dalte hue jo khilafat ka bojh in toofani dinon mei unke kandhon par daal chuki thi. Ye dabao unke hosle tod deta agar unka yaqeen bepanah na hota. Hazrat Umar andar aaye. Hazrat Umar pur-sukoon aur pur-yaqeen the, kyun ke wo Hazrat Abu Bakr se baat karte hue unhe ek narm mizaj aur farmabardaar dost samajhte the.

Hazrat Abu Bakr ne Hazrat Umar ko suna aur tab unka paigham sunne ke baad ghusse se uth khade hue aur chilaye, "O Khattab ke bete! Ye Allah ke Rasool ka faisla tha ke Usama ko sardar banaya jaye. Aur tum chahte ho ke main usko us jagah se hata doon."

Hazrat Umar jaldi se Abu Bakr ke ghar se nikal gaii. Jab wo camp wapas aaye jahan rehnuma intizaar kar rahe the, to Hazrat Umar ne un sab ko sakhti sy samjhaya.

24 June 632 ko (1 Rabi-ul-Akhir, 11 Hijri), Usama ki fauj apne camp se chal parhi. Hazrat Abu Bakr kuch door tak Hazrat Usama ke ghorey ke saath chale aur is baat se mana kar diya ke hazrat Usama apne ghorey se utarein. Hazrat Abu Bakr ne Usama se kaha, "Har woh qadam jo ek Musalman sipahi Allah ki rah mei uthata hai, uska sawab 700 nekion ke barabar hai aur uske 700 gunahon ki maafi milti hai."

Hazrat Abu Bakr ne Hazrat Usama se guzarish ki ke wo Hazrat Umar ko apne saath mashwara karne ke liye rakhein, aur Hazrat Usama ne isko khushi se maan liya. Phir unhone apne rukhsati hidayat fauj ke sardar ko di: "Apne kaam ko anjam do. Quza'a ke ilaqon par hamle se shuru karo. Kisi bhi cheez ko tumhe us mission se na roko jo Allah ke Rasool ne tumhe diya hai."

Aur Hazrat Usama ki fauj apne mission par rawana ho gayi.

Hazrat Usama ki fauj bhejne ka faisla un naya haalaat mei ghalat tha jo Nabi (SAWS) ke inteqal ke baad paida hue the. Kuch Musalman likhne wale is faisle ko hikmat ka karishma samajhte hain, jo baghawati quwaton ko darane ke liye kiya gaya. Magar asal mei is kaam ka baghawat par koi asar nahi tha, jo Arabia ke markazi ilaake mei hui. Ye faisla sirf Nabi (SAWS) ki aakhri khwahish ko poora karne ke liye tha.

Magar is faisle ne Hazrat Abu Bakr ke hosle aur unki imaan-dari ko duniya ke samne la diya. Uske baad jo nabi (SAWS) ka diya mission poora hua, uske asar unki khilafat ke chhote arse mei dikhayi diye jab unhone kafiro aur baghi qabilon ke khilaf shandaar fatehein haasil ki.

Sirf ek maadi nazariya is faislay ko ghalti samajh sakta hai, aur phir bhi is baat ka daawa karna mushkil hai ke yeh faisla bilkul ghalat tha. Yeh asani se kaha ja sakta hai ke Abu Bakr رضی اللہ عنہ ke mukhtasir khilafat ke douran irtidadi fitno, Farsiyon aur Roomiyon ke khilaf jo hairat-angez fatahein hui, woh kisi hadd tak us faislay ki barkat thi jo Rasool Allah ﷺ ke shuru kiye hue maamle ko jaari rakhne ke liye kiya gaya tha. Yeh Abu Bakr رضی اللہ عنہ ke khilafat ke aham aur pehle faislon mein se ek tha. 

History of Tabari - Volume 2