Listening
Part 1 Understanding
10. Exercise
11.Vlog/Video
What is report text?
Essentially, report text is a text that presents information in a clear and factual manner.
In language, report text means report text. If defined further, report text can be interpreted as text that contains a report about something in detail which is the result of observations, observations, research, studies or interviews about various things in English.
The purpose of the report text is to inform the audience of observation reports made for many kinds of purposes such as business analysis, education, decision making, auditing, and so on.
The text of the report in English was created for the purpose of providing information on the results of observations that can be used for various purposes. The report text has benefits for both the writer and the reader.
For writers, the function of report text is as a means of conveying thoughts, ideas or thoughts. For readers, the report text has a broader function. In addition, report text or Report Text can be used for the following purposes:
Decision-making. Data analysis. Get scientific information. Further research material. As an academic study.
Wondering what that means?
It means that the content of a report text offers information about a particular subject, such as animals, places, events, or anything else, in a general way and according to the actual condition of the subject. For instance,if the topic is about endangered species, the text will inform readers about the species’ vulnerable status and the factors contributing to it.
It’s worth mentioning that report texts have some commonalities with descriptive texts. Both of these English writing styles offer information about a subject, such as people, animals, places, events, or other items. Furthermore, the primary function of both text types is to deliver factual information for the readers.
So, what sets them apart?
Descriptive texts concentrate on depicting a specific subject in detail, while report texts provide a broader perspective on a general topic. For example, a descriptive text might discuss “My Favorite Park,” exploring the park’s unique features, such as its size, the variety of plants and trees, available amenities, and so on. In contrast, a report text on “Parks” would offer a more general understanding of parks, discussing elements like their purpose, common facilities, benefits for the community, and types of parks that exist.
To summarize, report text maintains objectivity whereas descriptive text can be more subjective!
Generic Structure Report Text
Report text in English or report text is generally arranged in a structural sequence or generic structure. The following is a complete explanation:
General Classification. Contains a general statement containing the subject of the report, report description, and also classification.
Description. The structure of the report text in the description section will provide an overview of the phenomenon that occurs including its parts, habits, characteristics and behavior.
Language Rules of Report Text
In the English report text, linguistic rules still apply as in the Indonesian language report text. The following are the linguistic rules for report text in English:
General nouns. An object, either animate or inanimate, of a general nature. Examples are hunting dogs and my dogs. The nature of hunting dogs is more general compared to my dogs which are special.
Related verbs or linking verbs are to be (is, am, are or was) and to be another. For example: the data were collected by interview and questionnaire.
Timeless present tense. Phrases marking time in simple tense include often, usually, always, and others. Example: We always use the same method in this matter.
Technical terms. Scientific terms in the report text. The form is words or vocabulary, for example climate, technology, branding, marketing, and others.
Report text’s language features
1. General nouns
Report texts often contain general nouns because they aim to provide objective and factual information about a broad subject rather than focusing on specific details or personal experiences. By using general nouns, report texts offer a comprehensive overview of a topic, making the information more accessible and applicable to a wider audience.
General nouns refer to words that denote a group or class of things, instead of a singular instance or individual item. For instance, when discussing transportation, a report text might utilize general nouns like “cars,” “trains,” or “bicycles” to encompass the various modes of transport available.
Incorporating general nouns in report texts enables the author to present a well-rounded and objective perspective on the subject matter.
2. Linking verbs
Linking verbs are important in report texts because they help connect the main idea of a sentence with more information about it. They make the text easy to understand for readers.
Linking verbs are words that join the main subject of a sentence with extra information that gives more details about it. Some common linking verbs include “be” (am, is, are, was, were), “seem,” “appear,” “become,” “feel,” “look,” “sound,” and “taste.”
In report texts, linking verbs help to share clear and simple information about a general topic. They show the connection between the main idea and its features, for example, in a report text about coral reefs, you might find a sentence “Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that support a wide variety of species.” In this case, the linking verb “are” connects the subject “coral reefs” with the subject complement “diverse ecosystems,” providing essential information about the nature of coral reefs.
By incorporating linking verbs in report texts, authors can effectively convey information, relationships, and descriptions, enabling readers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
3. Present Tense
Report texts typically use the present tense because they aim to provide general, factual information about a subject that is considered to be true or relevant now and in the future.
To give you a refresher. the present tense is used to describe actions, events, or situations that are happening now, or general truths and facts that don’t change over time.
For example, in a report text about the benefits of exercise, an author might use the present tense to write, “Exercise improves our physical and mental health.” This statement conveys a general truth about exercise that applies to people now and will continue to be true in the future.
Report text’s structure
1. General Classification
This section introduces the subject and provides an overall classification or categorization. It sets the context for the readers, allowing them to understand the broader topic that will be discussed. In the General Classification, you’ll find a brief introduction to the subject, its purpose, and its relevance.
For example, if the report text is about smartphones, the General Classification may introduce smartphones as handheld electronic devices used for communication, internet access, and various other purposes.
2. Description
The Description section offers more detailed information about the subject, covering its features, characteristics, functions, or any other relevant aspects. This part aims to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the topic by presenting various aspects or subtopics related to the general subject. In the Description section, you may find information about the subject’s history, types, uses, advantages, disadvantages, and any other pertinent details.
Continuing with the smartphone example, the Description section could discuss the different types of smartphones, their operating systems, features, applications, and their impact on society.
Part 2 Example
1 Rista
Jellyfish are not really fish. They are invertebrate animals. This means that unlike fish or people, they have no backbones. In fact, they have no bones at all.
Jellyfish have stomachs and mouths, but no heads. They have nervous systems for sensing the world around them, but no brains. They are made almost entirely of water, which is why you can look through them.
Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light. The light is made by a chemical reaction inside the jellyfish. Scientists believe jellyfish glow for several reasons. For example, they may glow to scare away predators or to attract animals they like to eat.
Most jellyfish live in salt water, apart from a few types that live in fresh water. Jellyfish are found in oceans and seas all over the world. They live in warm, tropical seas and in icy waters near the North and South poles.
2
The fastest baseball game on record took place on August 30, 1916. The two teams were from Winston-Salem and Asheville, North Carolina. The game was played in Asheville. The Winston-Salem team had to travel by train to and from Asheville. The last train that could get them back home on the same day was to leave at three o’clock. But the game was set for two o’ clock. How could they play the whole game and catch a train in just one hour? They asked the home team if they could start the game early. The Asheville team agreed.
The game started at 1:28. Both team played faster than they had ever had. All the batter swung at the first pitch. The team ran on and off the field between innings. Once, the Asheville pitcher even pitched before his teammates were on the field. The game was over at 1:59 . winston-Salem won by two-one. The players had no problem catching the train.
3 Nando
Unlike other international airlines which have stopped flights to Jakarta, Garuda Indonesia has no plan to delay its operation in the capital city.
Garuda Indonesia spokesman Pujobroto said the national flag airlines had not received any notification that Soekarno-Hatta Airport had been affected by the volcanic ash from the Mt. Merapi eruption about 500 kilometers to the east. "There has been no notification from the aviation authorities which says the airport is affected by the volcanic ash. Therefore Garuda continues its activities", Pujobroto said as quoted by kompas.com.
A total of 13 international carriers stopped their flights to Jakarta on Saturday, concerned out volcanic ash in the air that could cause damage to their aircraft engines, and endanger safety. They are Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, Turkish Air, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa and KLM.
Separately, Soekarno Hatta Airport operator PT Angkasa Pura II said the airport was safe and not affected by the volcano's eruptions. "The airport is considered normal and safe so far", airport operator's president director Tri S Sunoko said.
4
One of the most valuable and widespread plant is the bamboo. It is a tall treelike grass. There are more than 350 species. Most grow in Asia and on islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Although bamboo is a tropical plant, it can grow in a cooler temperate zones.
A single root may produce as many as 100 stems. They are hollow, woody, and jointed. The stems are sometimes 3 feet (0,9 meter) around. Sprouts grow fast, at times 1 foot (0,3 meter) or more a day. They may grow to 30, 50, or even 130 feet (9 to 40 meters) in height. Near the top are many branches. Some species do not bloom for 60 years or more.
Bamboo products range from food to houses. Asian people usually use the sprouts as vegetables. In East and Southeast Asia people use the hollow stems for water pipes and for building bridges and houses. Short sections serve as pails and cooking utensils. The stems make for walls, floors, and roofs. Thinner strips are woven into mats, chairs, cages, and curtains. Bamboo fishing rods are made of matched strips glued together. Split bamboo is also used for chopsticks and fan ribs. The inner parts of the stems of several species are made into quality papers.
5 Teo
A storm is a disturbance of the ordinary conditions of the atmosphere accompanied by wind, rain, snow, sleet, hail (frozen rain), or thunder and lighting. Types of storms include the extra tropical cyclone, the common, large-scale storm of temperate latitudes; the tropical cyclone, or hurricane, which is somewhat smaller in area than the former and accompanied by high winds and heavy rains; the tornado, or “twister,” a small but intense storm with very high winds, usually of limited duration; and the thunderstorm, local in nature and accompanied by brief but heavy rain showers and often by hail. The term storm is also applied to blizzard, sandstorms, and dust storms, in which high wind is the dominant meteorological element.
6 Jio
The peach is known as a species of Prunus. It is a kind of edible juicy fruit. It is native to China. The peach tree grows to 4-10 m tall. It is a deciduous tree so it will fall its leaves in certain seasons. It belongs to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae.
The leaves are 7-16 em long and 2-3 em broad. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves. They are solitary or paired with about 2,5-3 cm in diameter. The color of the flower is pink.
Peach fruit is very nice. Its aroma smells good. The color of the flesh is yellow or white. The skin of the peach is smooth or velvety. The flesh is soft and juicy. It is delicious. It is a little bit harder when it is unripe. Inside the flesh, there is a large single seed. The seed is oval in shape. Its color is red-brown. Its length is about 1,3-2 cm. A wood–like husk surrounds this seed.
Most people know peaches as 'persicas'. It is related to the belief that peaches were native to Persia (now Iran). The modern botanical consensus is that they originate in China, and were introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean region along the Silk Road before Christian times.
7 Onal
An animal nursery is a kind of job. People who work as animal nursery workers work in zoos, kennels, animal shelters, and circuses. They are responsible for feeding, watering, cleaning, bathing and exercising animals. They care for animals' health by disinfecting them and keeping their cage clean. They keep records of treatments that the animals have received from the veterinarian, an animal doctor.
Animal nursery workers have serious responsibilities and functions. They provide care for newborns and young animals, prepare their food, transport them to feeding areas, and deliver food and water to them. The food they prepare is different for each species of animals they care for. They fill nursing bottles which have been sterilized with the appropriate feeding formula. They also take care of orphaned animals. They observe newborn animals and check for signs of disease or abnormality. They may perform physical exam on the young animals occasionally, taking their temperatures, pulse rate and blood pressure. They are also in charge of cleaning and preparing comfortable sleeping areas for animals, removing waste, cleaning and disinfecting them. They also make sure all cages and enclosures are safe.
8
Gardenia plants are popular for the strong sweet scent of their flowers. Gardenia is the national flower in Pakistan. In japan and China, the flower is called Kuchinashi (Japanese) and Thi zi (Chinese).
Gardenia plants are evergreen shrubs. Their small trees can grow to 1 – 5 meters tall. The leaves are 5 – 50 centimeters long and 3 – 25 centimeters broad, dark green, and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are in small groups, white, or pale yellow, with 5 – 12 lobes (petals) from 5 – 12 centimeters diameter. They usually bloom in mid-spring to mid-summer. Many species have strong aroma.
To cultivate gardenia as a house plant is not easy. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity and bright (not direct) light to thrive. It flourishes in acidic soil with good drainage and thrives on 20° – 23° C during the day and 15° – 16°C in the evening. Potting soils developed specifically for gardenias are available. It grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoor. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can reach the height of 6 feet. If water hits the flowers, they will turn brown.
9
Ostrich is a large flightless bird native to Africa. It is distinctive in its appearance with a long neck and legs. It has the ability to run at maximum speed of about 70 km/h, the top land speed of any bird. The Ostrich is the largest living species of bird and lays the largest egg of any hying bird. The diet of the Ostrich mainly consist of plant, though it also eats insects. It lives in nomadic groups which consist of five to fifty birds. When threatened, the Ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. Moreover, it can attack the enemy with a kick from its Powerful legs.
Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old. Females mature about six months earlier than males. The mating begins in March or April and ends before September.
10 Tea
Ant is an insect. There are more than 12.000 species of ants all over the world. An ant is tiny insect but it can lift 20 boles Its own body weight.
There are three kinds of ants in a colony, the queen, the female workers don't have wings. The queen is the only ant that can lay eggs. The male ants' job Is to male with future queen ants and they do not live long afterward. Once the queen grows to adulthood, she spends the rest of her life laying eggs. A colony may have a queen or many queens depend on the species.
Ant colony has soldiers that protect the queen, defend the colony, gather food, and attack the enemy colonies. If they are able to defeat their enemy, they will take away their eggs. When these eggs hatch, the next ants will become slaves.
11
A cactus (plural: cacti) is any member of the plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also crop plants. Cacti are grown for protection of property from wild animals, as well as malty other uses.
Cacti are unusual and distinctive plants, which are adapted to extremely hot environments, showing a wide range of anatomical and physiological features which conserve water.
Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Many cactus species are night blooming, as they are pollinated by nocturnal insects or small animals, principally moths and bats. Cacti range in size from small and globular to tall and columnar.
12
The black widow spider is an extremely poisonous spider of North and South America. Only the female one is dangerous. The bite of the male is generally harmless. Although it is greatly feared, it is not aggressive and generally bites only to defend itself.
This kind of spider has long legs and smooth, black bodies. The female spider is about twice as big as the male. It has a round, shiny, black abdomen, with a distinctive mark shaped like an hourglass on the underside. The male spider is only about half as the long as females and has more slender body. It has four pairs of red dots along the sides of the abdomen. It is rarely seen and is harmless.
Black widow spiders primarily eat insect that they trap in their webs. They kill their prey by biting and then inserting their venom. Birds and other animals learn not to eat the spider by identifying hourglass mark on their body. The venom makes the animal sick but usually does not kill them.
13
Lightning is one of Nature's most dangerous phenomenon. The average lightning flash could light a 100 watt light bulb for more than three months. The temperature of a lightning bolt may reach 27.760°C which is hotter than the surface of the sun.
Lightning is not only an outdoor hazard. In houses without adequate lightning protection. It can be dangerous to take a bath or shower. The electric shock could be delivered along the water pipes. There is also the risk of lightning shocks being transmitted via telephone or plugged in electronics in houses without protection. Thus, people who live in these houses should unplug telephones, computers, and televisions during storms, protecting them from damage in case of lightning strike. If that is too much work, it's much safer to at least install special socket inserts that protect against surges.
14 Alden
Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that lives in the southern regions of the Earth. Though many people imagine a small, black-and-white animal when they think of penguins, these birds actually come in a variety of sizes, and some are very colourful.
For example, crested penguins spot a crown of yellow feathers. Blushes of orange and yellow mark the necks of emperor and king penguins. What look like bright yellow, bushy eyebrows adorn the heads of some species, such as the Foirdland, Royal, Snares and rock hopper penguins. The macaroni penguin's name comes from the crest of yellow feathers on its head, which looks like the 18th-century hats of the same name. A light yellow mask covers the face of the yellow—eyed penguin around the eyes.
15
Rainforests are extensive forests located in tropical areas with high levels of rainfall throughout the year. Characterized by their rich biodiversity, rainforests play a crucial role in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance.
Rainforests can be found in various parts of the world, including South America, Africa, and Asia. The most extensive rainforest is the Amazon rainforest, located in South America. These ecosystems are vital due to their ability to support a diverse range of plant and animal species. It is estimated that more than half of Earth’s species reside within rainforest habitats.
A key feature of rainforests is their abundant plant life, which contributes to numerous benefits. Many plants found in rainforests are utilized for medicinal purposes, providing essential resources for human health. Additionally, rainforests contribute to air purification by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, thus playing a role in mitigating climate change.
Nevertheless, rainforests face significant challenges, primarily due to deforestation. Driven by logging and land clearance for agricultural purposes, deforestation results in the loss of natural habitats for plant and animal species, and it contributes to global climate change.
16
Polar bears are large carnivorous mammals inhabiting the Arctic region. These fascinating creatures are uniquely adapted to survive in the harsh conditions of their icy environment and are essential components of the Arctic ecosystem.
Polar bears are primarily found in areas surrounding the Arctic Ocean, including countries such as Canada, Russia, Greenland, Norway, and the United States (Alaska). They are the largest land carnivores and are known for their distinct white fur, which serves as excellent camouflage in their snowy surroundings.
Polar bears have unique adaptations that enable them to thrive in their cold habitat. Their thick layer of fur and a layer of fat, called blubber, provide insulation against freezing temperatures. Additionally, their large paws are designed for efficient movement on ice and snow, while their strong limbs allow them to swim long distances in search of food.
The primary food source for polar bears is seals, which they hunt on the edges of sea ice. As apex predators, polar bears play a vital role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystem. However, they face significant threats due to climate change, particularly the loss of sea ice, which directly affects their hunting grounds and access to food.
17
Elephants are the largest land animals on Earth, and they're one of the most unique-looking animals, too. With their characteristic long noses, or trunks; large, floppy ears; and wide, thick legs, there is no other animal with a similar physique.
Most experts recognize two species of elephant: the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), who live on separate continents and have many unique features. There are several subspecies that belong to one or the other of these two main species, though experts argue over how many subspecies there are and whether or not they constitute separate species.
African elephants live in sub-Saharan Africa, the rainforests of Central and West Africa and the Sahel desert in Mali, according to National Geographic. Asian elephants live in Nepal, India and Southeast Asia in scrub forests and rainforests.
18
Rabbit is one of the most favorable animals that become pets. A rabbit is a mammal from the Leporidae family. This animal can be a source of food or a pet. There are two kinds of rabbits, wild rabbits, and pet rabbits. A wild rabbit is a rabbit you can find free in nature while a pet rabbit is a rabbit you can find in a breeding place.
Wild rabbits can also be a source of food but it is a bit hard to make them become pets. They usually like to dig a hole in the ground. Meanwhile, pet rabbits are various and they are usually more tame and easy to pet.
Rabbits are vegetarians but they also eat dry food like pellets made from alfalfa grass, mixed vegetables, and fruits. You can mix the food for example give them wet food twice a week and pellet for the rest.
19
A bicycle, is called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, and bicycle racing.
The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright or "safety bicycle", has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling.
The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets, and tension-spoked wheels.
20
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. There are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. More than half of these volcanoes are part of the “Ring of Fire,” a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. In an eruption, gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be harsh, acidic, gritty, glassy and smelly. The ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.
The sound of an eruption volcano can be quiet and hissing or explosive and booming. The loud cracks travel hundreds of miles and do the most damage, including hearing loss and broken glass. Volcanic lightning occurs mostly within the cloud of ash during an eruption, and is created by the friction of the ash rushing to the surface. Roughly 200 accounts of this lightning have been witnessed live.
21
Eagles are large, powerfully built birds of prey, with a heavy head and beak. Even the smallest eagles, like the booted eagle (Aquila pennata) (which is comparable in size to a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) or red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis)), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight – despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers.
Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent eagle (Spilornis klossi), at 450 g (0.99 lb) and 40 cm (16 in). The largest species are discussed below.
Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked beaks for ripping flesh from their prey, strong muscular legs, and powerful talons. The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey.
Eagles’ eyes are extremely powerful, having up to 3.6 times human acuity for the martial eagle, which enables them to spot potential prey from a very long distance.This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. The female of all known species of eagles is larger than the male
22
Rabbit are four-legged herbivorous mammals with long ears, a divided upper lip and two powerful back legs which make them a good hopper. At first, they were called coneys. The name “Rabbit” was first used to address the young coneys until the 18th century when the word “Rabbit” became more popular in the society. The new born rabbits are naked and blind, this helpless condition is the reason why rabbits live in a secure dens underground. Rabbits can only be found in several parts of the world, and of all that are divided into eight different genera, they are: Genus Pentalagus, Genus Bunolagus, Genus Nesolagus, Genus Romerolagus, Genus Brachylagus, Genus Sylvilagus, Genus Oryctolagus and Genus Poelagus.
All rabbits has a typical short tail. Their average body size are 20 to 50 cm long and the average weight around half to 2 kg. It is recorded that adult rabbit has 3 years lifespan in their natural habitat, but it is also believed that they can live longer if they are under human care. Just like human, they sleep for about 8 hours in their underground burrows. They have a wide variety of color, start from white, brown, black and grey, but most of them have a combination of some colors. Rabbits communicate to each other by performing various body position and also by making a few sounds.
23
The cheetah is a large cat native to Africa and central Iran. It is the fastest land animal, estimated to be capable of running at 80 to 128 km/h. Cheetah can run fast because of its long thin legs and a long tail.
Cheetah body length is typically reaches 67–94 cm. Adults weigh between 21 and 72 kg (46 and 159 lb). Its head is small and rounded, and has a short snout and black tear-like facial streaks.
The coat is typically tawny to creamy white or pale buff and is mostly covered with evenly spaced, solid black spots. Four subspecies are recognized.
The cheetah lives in three main social groups: females and their cubs, male groups, and solitary males. While females lead a nomadic life searching for prey in large home ranges, males are more sedentary and instead establish much smaller territories in areas with plentiful prey and access to females. The cheetah is active during the day, with peaks during dawn and dusk.
24
Birds are interesting flying creature found in the earth. They are considered as vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They include eaves class which can be found all over the world, and so can in Indonesia. Birds breathe by using their air bags. As the addition organs of respiration, air bags can also increase or decrease their weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of bird in the world. Birds have special characteristics and have different morphologies according to their food and their habitat. Most of them eat seeds, pollen, worm, fish, and meat. There are several species that live on land and the other lives in the water. Land birds stay in their nests. All female birds have specific tasks to lay their eggs and to feed their babies, and they forage for their baby.
25
The platypus sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
Sometimes known as a duck-billed platypus, this curious mammal combines the characteristics of many different species in one. The platypus is a duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed, egg-laying aquatic creature native to Australia.
Platypus are found in eastern Australia from the steamy tropics of far north Queensland to the freezing snows of Tasmania. In Queensland, platypus live in rivers east of the Great Dividing Range, and are also found in some western-flowing streams.
26
An elephant is the largest and strongest animals which live in land. It is a strange looking animal which has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little pair of eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose called the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo because it is hard to find them in their natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant’s peculiar feature and it has various usages. The elephant’s trunk can also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In other word, their trunks serve the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy but an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is considered to be an intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength make an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carrying heavy loads, hunting for tigers and even fighting.
27
Chicken is the most popular domesticated fowl in the world with a total population of more than 19 billion in 2011. Even if some people keep it at home as a pet, but generally it is considered to be livestock because most people keep it as a source of food for its meat and eggs. The ability of female chicken, usually called as “hen”, to lay egg every day, give them the title “bird that gives birth every day” since the mid-15th century BC. Chickens are omnivore. They consume almost anything, starting from worm, insect, seeds, rice to lizard and young mice. In their natural habitat, chickens can live up to ten years.
Chicken have several nickname that come from several places. The name “cocks” refer to the adult male chickens with age of more than one year. This nickname is used widely in the UK and Ireland. Meanwhile, the same chicken is called “roosters” in United States, Australia and Canada. Another nickname is used when we want to address to male chickens with age less than a year, and the nickname is “cockerels”. As the world develop, some parts of the world allow the implementation of surgical or chemical castration to the male chicken. A castrated roosters are called “capons”. As for the female chicken, there are two nickname for them, they are “hen” for the adult female chicken, and “pullets” for the young female chicken.
Chickens have two legs with four fingers on each of it. They also have two wings on each side of the body. All of their body is covered with plumage. Both adult male and female chicken have additional flesh on their head called a comb and also under their head called wattles. There are several difference between male and female chickens, some of them are: there are an additional part on each of rooster’s leg called as the spur (it is their weapon during a fight), rooster’s plumage usually looks shiny and has a brighter color, roosters usually have long tail.
28 Hoven
Panda is like bear as their bodies are typical. It has two main colors which are white and black. Panda’s fur is seen dominantly in white. While the legs, ears, eyes, and also the muzzle are fully black fur.
In the past, panda lived in South and East China and It was also found in part of Myanmar and Vietnam. Today, panda is seen vastly in forest area in Sinchuan, Gangsu, and Shaanxi of China.
Panda looks cute even though it is normally a wild animal. Because of its strength, panda potentially becomes a frightful animal.
29
Dinosaur consist of various groups of animals from different morphology, taxonomy, and ecology. Generally it is divided into avian dinosaurs (birds form) and non-avian dinosaurs (all other dinosaurs). It is believed that they were first appeared in the Triassic Period (about 230 million years ago). They are already extinct, but we can still learn about them through their fossils.
Some of dinosaur are herbivore and the rest are carnivore. Eventhough most of them has huge body, but there are also some dinosaur with small body such as Eoraptor. There is also a type of dinosaur which considered to be the tallest animal of all time with the body height of 14 m, and the name is Brachiosaurus. Some groups of dinosaur developed skeletal modification such as spines and bony armor such as Triceratops. They have lizard-like type of skin, this is the reason why some people also consider them to be a giant lizards. Most of dinosaur will travel in group rather than alone. They also tend to build nest and live together with their group.
30
Cat or as we usually called it as the domestic cat are four-legged carnivorous mammal. Their latin name is Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus. The domestication of cats is believed to have started since ancient Egypt 9,500 years ago. Since that, cats have become humans companion. Nowadays it is the most popular pet in the world and also the second most popular pet in the US and they are often called as the house cats. It is believed that there are more than 70 cat breeds now in the world.
Most cats are furry, only some of them such as Sphynx cat born with less fur on their body. Some cats have a long tail and some others have a short tail. It also has a very flexible body and sharp claws which can be retracted. Usually cats can grow up to 4 to 5 kg in weight and 23 to 25 cm in length, but sometimes it can be smaller or grow even bigger. Their eyes allow them to see in the dark and their ears allow them to hear sound with a high frequency that human could not hear. They are a good solitary hunters who have a really good sense of smell. There are various colors of cats in the world such as white, brown, grey, black, stripes and even multi color. They are a social species and they can make various sound such as mewing, purring, hissing and growling.
31
Giraffe is the tallest animal in the world. With its long legs and its long neck it can reach the height of 5 to 6 m (male) and 4,6 m (female). Giraffe is one of endemic animal of Africa. They are herbivorous mammals. Their scientific name is Giraffa camelopardalis. The species name, camelopardalis, was taken from latin which was the combination of “camel” and “leopard”.
Giraffe is distinguishable for its long neck, its skin pattern and also its horn-like part on top of its head called as ossicones. It has mane along its neck. Its skin pattern looks like leopard, the difference is that it has wider spot and the color is brown instead of black as on leopard’s skin. The shape of its head is similar to camel with two nostril in front of it and located right above its mouth. Its eyes and ears are located on each side of the head. Generally, they live in savannahs or in woodlands where they can easily get their food such as leaves, fruits and flowers. The body weight of an adult male giraffe can reach 1.200 kg while the female can reach 830 kg. This heavy body doesn’t stop them from running at maximum speed of 60 km/h.
32
Dolphins are marine mammals with a very high inteligence. There are more than 40 species of them spread around the world. Most of them live in the ocean, but some of them such as the Chinese river dolphin live in the river. They consume fish and squid as their main diet but some of them also eat other marine mammals.
The maximum size of each species is different. Maui’s dolphin (the smallest dolphin) can grow to the size of 1,7 m with the maximum weight of 50 kg, while the largest dolphin, the killer whale, can reach the maximum size of 9,5 m with the maximum body weight of 10 tons. They have streamlined bodies and two flippers located on left and right bottom of their body. Those flippers are called “pectoral fins”. On the top of their body, there is a large fin caled as “dorsal fin”. A dolphin breathe through a hole located on top of their head. It is called as “blowhole”. They have a long snout called as “rostrum”. The tail of a dolphin consist of several parts, they are: peduncle (the tail stock), flukes (the flat part of their tail which split into two), and the median notch (the middle part of the two flukes).
33
Mosquitoes are flying insects of the family Culicidae and order Diptera. There are around 2.700 species of mosquitoes in the world. It is believed that they have a cosmopolitan distribution, which means that they can be found anywhere in this world. Some species who live in a tropical regions are active for the entire year and those who live in cold regions will go through a hibernation process. They suck blood from various kinds of hosts such as vertebrates, mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, amphibians and also humans.
Mosquitoes have a small and slender body with the size of 3 mm to 6 mm. The average weight of a mosquito is 5 mg. As an insect, they also have three segments on their body. They have two large eyes, antenna, mouth and a proboscis. This tube-like proboscis is used to pierce the host's skin and suck their blood. The antenna on their head is used to detect the odor of the host and also the breeding sites. They have six legs and two wings attached on their thorax. Their abdomen is the place where they store the blood and their eggs.
Mosquitoes actually feed on nectar and plant juices. Some species of mosquitoes suck blood because they need its nutrients to produce eggs. In fact, some species does not suck blood at all. Only female mosquitoes suck blood, the male does not need it at all. Female mosquitoes can live for 42 to 56 days while male mosquitoes only live for 10 days. During this time, a female mosquito is able to produce 100 to 200 eggs.
34
Seahorse is a type of marine fish with a head that resemble the head of a horse. They are from the family of Syngnathidae and genus Hippocampus. There are 54 species of them and we named them all “seahorse”. They can be found in shallow tropical water and usually they inhabit an area where coral or seagrass exist.
Their maximum body size can reach 1,5 to 35,5 cm depending on their species. There is no scales on their body. But they have segmented bony armour around the body which looks like thorns. They also have a curled prehensile tail that they use to grab on something. They have a dorsal fin and it is located close to their tail. Their pectoral fins are located on each side of their head next to their eyes. Their long snout is used to suck up their food such as small shrimp and plankton.
Seahorse are one of two fish that swim upright. The other one is Razorfish. Although they can swim, they swim very poorly. They are considered to be the slowest-moving fish in the world who can only reach the maximum speed of 1,5 m per hour. One thing that only seahorse can do is that the male seahorse can be pregnant and give birth.
Part 3 Dialogue
D1.
Teo 1: Hey, have you ever wondered about jellyfish? I mean, they're all over the ocean, but they seem so... weird. Like, what's their deal?
Nando1 : Yeah, they’re definitely one of the strangest creatures. They don’t even have a brain! How can something survive without a brain? It’s like nature’s biggest mystery.
Teo 2: I know, right? But jellyfish are super ancient. They've been around for over 500 million years. That's even longer than dinosaurs! Can you imagine seeing them when there were no other animals?
Nando 2 : Whoa, that’s crazy. So, how do they survive without a brain or heart? It seems impossible! Do they have some sort of superpower we don't know about?
Teo 3: Well, jellyfish have a simple body structure. They rely on a nerve net to respond to their environment, which helps them move and hunt for food. They also don’t need a heart because they don’t need to pump blood—oxygen just diffuses through their body! It's all about efficiency.
Nando 3 : That’s kind of mind-blowing. How do they even eat if they don’t have a mouth like we do? Do they just absorb stuff?
Teo 4: Good question! They have a structure called a “gastrovascular cavity” where they digest food. They catch their prey using their tentacles, which are covered in tiny, stinging cells called nematocysts. When something touches them, it releases toxins to paralyze the prey. It's like a built-in trap!
Nando 4 : So, those stinging cells are what can hurt us, right? I've been stung before, and it wasn't fun.
Teo 5: Yep! The sting can be painful, but most jellyfish stings aren’t deadly. The box jellyfish, though, is one of the most dangerous. It’s found mainly in the waters of Australia. Its venom can cause heart failure.
Nando 5: Yikes! I’m definitely staying away from jellyfish when I go to the beach. But what do jellyfish eat, exactly? Do they have a favorite food?
Teo 6 : They mainly eat tiny fish, plankton, and even other smaller jellyfish. They’re kind of like underwater vacuum cleaners, constantly floating around looking for food. It's a buffet for them!
Nando 6 : I didn't realize jellyfish were so important to the ocean ecosystem. Even though they look pretty harmless, they’re actually doing a lot! It's amazing how everything is connected.
Teo 7 : Exactly! Jellyfish are really important for maintaining balance in the ocean. They help control populations of plankton and small fish, which can affect the whole marine food chain. They're like the unsung heroes of the sea.
Nando 7: That’s cool. I guess jellyfish might not be as weird as I thought, after all! Maybe we should appreciate them more.
Teo 8 : Yeah, they’re definitely a lot more interesting than just squishy blobs floating around! Next time you see one, you'll know it's a survivor with a super-efficient lifestyle!
D2.
Sam: Hey, have you been watching the baseball games lately? The season’s been getting exciting!
Chris: Oh yeah! I love baseball. The way the game works is so cool, with all the strategy and teamwork. But, sometimes I still get confused by all the rules.
Sam: I get that! There’s a lot to know. Like, do you know why they call it a "strike" when the pitcher throws a good pitch, and the batter doesn’t swing?
Chris: Hmm, not exactly. I thought a strike only happened if the batter swung and missed.
Sam: Well, that's one way to get a strike! But if the batter doesn’t swing, and the pitch goes through the strike zone—basically the area over the plate, from the batter's knees to their chest—that’s also a strike. It’s like the pitcher’s challenge to get it in the right spot.
Chris: Ohhh, I get it now! So what happens if a batter gets three strikes?
Sam: If the batter gets three strikes, it’s called a "strikeout." They’re out for that turn at bat, and a new batter comes up.
Chris: Got it! So, how about the "balls"? What’s the deal with those?
Sam: A "ball" is when the pitcher throws it outside the strike zone, and the batter doesn’t swing. If the batter gets four balls, they get to walk to first base!
Chris: That’s pretty cool! It’s like a free pass. But what about when the batter hits the ball? What happens then?
Sam: When the batter hits the ball, it depends on where it goes. If it’s hit in the field and someone catches it without it bouncing, the batter is out. But if it hits the ground, they can run to first base and try to get there before the ball does!
Chris: Oh, and the bases! I know they’re numbered—first, second, third, and home—but how do players actually score?
Sam: To score a run, a player has to run to first, second, third, and then home plate without getting tagged out or forced out. It's like a full lap around the bases!
Chris: That sounds like a lot of pressure! And then there’s the pitcher—how does that work? They throw every time, right?
Sam: Yep! The pitcher’s job is to get batters out by either striking them out or getting them to hit the ball in a way that someone else can catch it. And the pitcher has to throw the ball in a way that challenges the batter, while also trying to get them out.
Chris: So, there’s a lot of skill involved in being a pitcher, huh?
Sam: Totally. It’s not just about throwing fast—it's about mixing up speed, curveballs, and even tricking the batter into swinging at bad pitches.
Chris: Sounds like there’s more to baseball than just running and hitting! Maybe I should start practicing more.
Sam: Definitely! Baseball’s all about teamwork, strategy, and a little bit of fun competition. The more you play, the more you’ll understand the game!
Chris: I think I’m starting to get the hang of it. Who knows, maybe I’ll be the next big hitter on the team!
D3.
Tea 1: Ugh, I can’t believe our flight got delayed! We were supposed to leave an hour ago.
Rista 1: I know! It’s so frustrating. What do you think is the reason? They didn’t even tell us much.
Tea 2: The pilot mentioned something about bad weather. I guess there’s a storm near the airport, and the plane can’t take off safely yet.
Rista 2: Oh, that makes sense. I’ve heard that weather delays are pretty common. But it’s still annoying to just sit around and wait.
Tea 3: Yeah, especially when you’re excited to get to your destination! I wanted to be at Grandma’s house by lunch. Now we’re probably going to be really late.
Rista 3: Same here. I was hoping to catch the first part of the game at my cousin’s house. Now I’m not sure I’ll make it in time.
Tea 4: I think they should give us more info though. I feel like we're just sitting here, not knowing what’s going on.
Rista 4: True. I overheard one of the flight attendants saying they’re waiting for the weather to clear up, but they didn’t give us a time.
Tea 5: Hopefully, it doesn’t take too long. The good news is at least we’re inside a nice, warm airport. I mean, it's better than being stuck out in the cold or rain, right?
Rista 5: Yeah, I guess you're right. And we can always grab some snacks while we wait! I’m starving already.
Tea 6 : Haha, true! I’m hoping they’ll offer us a little something, too. I’ve heard they sometimes give out free food during long delays.
Rista 6: That’d be awesome! Anyway, I guess we’ll just have to be patient. At least it’s not a super long delay, right?
Tea 7 : Exactly. And when the flight does finally take off, it’ll be worth it. We’ll get there, eventually!
Rista 7: Yep! The most important thing is that we get there safely. That’s what matters most.
Tea 8: Definitely. Well, I’m going to check out the shops here. Wanna come with?
Rista 8: Sure, why not? Might as well make the most of the extra time!
D4.
Ella: Hey, have you ever thought about planting bamboo? I heard it grows super fast!
Max: Yeah, I’ve heard that too! Like, some types of bamboo can grow almost three feet in a single day! But I don’t really know how to plant it. Does it need a lot of care?
Ella: Actually, bamboo is pretty easy to grow once you know how! It just needs some space to spread out. But the tricky part is that bamboo has a strong root system called a “rhizome,” and it can spread really quickly if you don’t keep it in check.
Max: Wow, that sounds like it could take over everything! How do you make sure it doesn’t get out of control?
Ella: You can plant it in a container or dig a trench around it to keep the roots from spreading too far. Some people even use a plastic barrier in the ground to stop the rhizomes from moving beyond the area they want it to grow.
Max: That’s smart! So, if I wanted to plant bamboo in my backyard, would it grow well in any soil?
Ella: Bamboo loves well-drained soil, so make sure it doesn’t stay too soggy. It also likes lots of sunlight, but some varieties can grow in partial shade if that’s all you’ve got.
Max: Sounds like it could work in my backyard. I have a spot that gets a lot of sun, but I’m worried it’ll take forever to grow.
Ella: Don’t worry about that! Bamboo actually grows pretty fast compared to other plants. Some species can reach full height in just a few months. But it does take a little time for the roots to establish, so don’t expect it to look super tall right away.
Max: That’s awesome! How do you take care of it once it starts growing?
Ella: Bamboo is pretty low-maintenance, but it still needs some attention. Water it regularly, especially when it's new, and add some fertilizer to help it grow strong. Just be careful not to overwater it, though, or it might get root rot.
Max: Got it. So, once it starts growing, can you use it for stuff, like crafts or building things?
Ella: Absolutely! Bamboo is super strong, and people use it for all sorts of things—furniture, flooring, even fences! It’s also great for making decorations or even as a natural privacy screen in your garden.
Max: Wow, I didn’t know bamboo was so useful! I might try planting some, especially if it grows that fast.
Ella: You should! Just make sure you’ve got a plan to keep it from spreading everywhere. And before you know it, you’ll have a cool bamboo garden.
Max: I’ll definitely give it a try. Thanks for all the tips!
D5.
Zoe: Hey, did you hear about the storm coming this afternoon? I saw it on the weather app!
Ethan: Yeah, I did! They said it’s going to be a pretty big one, with heavy rain and strong winds. I hope it doesn’t get too bad.
Zoe: I know, right? I’m kind of nervous. My parents said we might have power outages. Do you ever get scared during storms?
Ethan: I used to, especially when the wind howls and the thunder cracks. It’s like the whole house shakes! But now, I just make sure to stay safe and wait it out.
Zoe: Yeah, that’s smart. I’ve heard that you should stay away from windows during storms because of the strong winds. It’s crazy how fast the weather can change.
Ethan: Exactly! I also learned that you shouldn’t use electrical appliances during a storm, like computers or TVs, just in case lightning strikes. It can mess up the electrical system.
Zoe: Oh, I didn’t know that! I guess I’ll unplug everything, just in case. My phone's at 40%, though. I’m going to keep it charged just in case the power goes out.
Ethan: Good idea! I usually charge all my devices before a storm, just in case. And I keep a flashlight nearby too, just in case we need it in the dark.
Zoe: That’s smart. My mom always makes us check the storm drains outside to make sure they’re clear, so the rain can flow easily. If they get clogged, it can lead to flooding.
Ethan: That’s a great idea. My parents do the same thing. They always say the best thing you can do is be prepared. Do you ever keep an emergency kit?
Zoe: Yeah! We have one with extra batteries, some canned food, bottled water, and a first aid kit. It’s good to have, just in case the storm lasts a while.
Ethan: Nice! I think my family has something like that too. It’s always better to be safe than sorry. I just hope it doesn’t get too crazy out there.
Zoe: Same here! Hopefully, it’ll pass quickly. But if it does get bad, I guess we’ll just have to ride it out. As long as we stay safe, we’ll be fine.
Ethan: Exactly! And after the storm passes, it’s kind of fun to see how everything looks. Sometimes, the air feels so fresh, and the sky looks so clear afterward.
Zoe: Yeah, there’s something peaceful about it once the storm’s over. Let’s just hope we don’t get any flooding or damage.
Ethan: Fingers crossed! We’ll be fine as long as we stay smart and stay inside when the storm hits.
Zoe: Totally. Let’s just enjoy the storm from the safety of our homes!
D6.
Alden: Good morning, class! Today, we’re going to talk about a fruit that’s sweet, juicy, and full of health benefits. Can anyone guess what it is?
Jio : Is it an apple?
Alden: Good guess, but not today. It’s a peach! Have any of you ever tried one?
Jio : I think I have. Aren’t they fuzzy on the outside?
Alden: That’s right! Peaches have a soft, fuzzy skin. But do you know what’s inside?
Jio : A big pit or seed, right?
Alden: Exactly. Peaches have a large seed in the middle, which is why they’re called "stone fruits." Their flesh can be yellow or white, and it’s very sweet and juicy when ripe.
Jio : Where do peaches come from?
Alden: Peaches originated in China thousands of years ago. Today, they’re grown in many places with warm climates, like the southern United States, Spain, and Italy.
Jio : Are they healthy?
Alden: Absolutely! Peaches are packed with vitamins like vitamin C and A. They also contain fiber, which is great for digestion, and antioxidants that help protect your body from harmful substances.
Jio : How do you know if a peach is ripe?
Alden: Great question! A ripe peach will be slightly soft to the touch and have a sweet aroma. You can also check the color—it should be bright and vibrant, not green.
Jio : What’s the best way to eat it?
Alden: You can eat a peach fresh, with the skin on, or peel it if you prefer. You can also use peaches in smoothies, pies, or even grilled as a tasty dessert.
Jio : Can you plant the seed to grow a peach tree?
Alden: Yes, you can! But keep in mind, it takes time and the right conditions for the tree to grow and produce fruit. If you’re patient, it can be a fun project!
Alden: So, what do you think? Are you excited to try a peach or learn more about them?
Class: Yes!
Alden: Fantastic! Maybe we can even try some peach recipes in our next lesson.
Jio : Can we make peach ice cream?
Alden: That’s a delicious idea! Let’s plan for it.
D7.
Onald: Good morning, everyone! Today, we’re going to talk about a very special place in the zoo. Can anyone guess where baby animals are cared for?
Hoven 1: Is it the animal nursery?
Onald: That’s right! The animal nursery is like a hospital and daycare for baby animals. Do you know why zoos have nurseries?
Hoven 2: Maybe to help animals that are sick?
Onald: Exactly! It’s a place for baby animals that need extra care, like those born sick, injured, or without their mothers.
Hoven 3: What kind of animals are in the nursery?
Onald: All kinds! You might see lion cubs, baby monkeys, tiger cubs, or even tiny penguin chicks. It depends on the zoo and what animals they care for.
Hoven 4: What do they do in the nursery?
Onald: Zookeepers and vets do many things. They bottle-feed animals that can’t eat on their own, keep them warm, and even teach them how to survive in their habitats when they’re older.
Hoven 5: Do the baby animals stay there forever?
Onald: No, the goal is to help them grow strong and healthy so they can move back to their regular enclosures or even be released into the wild, depending on the species.
Hoven 6: Can visitors see the nursery?
Onald: In many zoos, yes! Some nurseries have windows or viewing areas where visitors can watch the baby animals. It’s a great way to learn about their care.
Hoven 7: Do the animals like being in the nursery?
Onald: Good question! While it’s not their natural home, the staff works hard to make it comfortable. They use soft bedding, warm lights, and even toys to keep the animals happy and stimulated.
Hoven 8: Do the baby animals get attached to the people?
Onald: Sometimes they do, but the staff tries to limit too much contact with humans, especially for animals that will be released into the wild. That way, they don’t lose their natural instincts.
Hoven 9: Can we volunteer in the nursery?
Onald: You’d need special training to work with the animals, but zoos often have programs for teens to help in other ways, like preparing food or educating visitors.
Onald: So, what do you think? Would you like to visit or even work at an animal nursery one day?
Class: Yes!
Onald: Wonderful! Let’s plan a trip to the zoo and see if we can learn more about the nursery in person.
Hoven 10: Can we meet the baby animals?
Onald: If we’re lucky, we might catch a glimpse. I’ll call ahead to find out what’s possible.
Class: Yay!
Onald: Sounds like we’re in for an exciting adventure!
8.
Gardeni
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15.
Rukti: We need to apply 3R in our daily lives.
Lina: What are 3R means?
Rukti: The three R's stand for Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
This rule is part of the waste hierarchy which is a process used to protect the environment and conserve resources through a priority approach.
Lina: Is it important to reduce reuse and recycle?
Rukti: Yeah, it is important.
Lina: And, why is that?
Rukti: This is essential to tackle consumption-based carbon emissions in the face of the Climate Emergency.
Where waste is produced, we provide maximum opportunity for our residents to recycle.
Lina: But, not all things can be reduced or reuse, right?
Rukti: If waste cannot be reduced or reused, then recycling is a great way to turn rubbish into something useful again.
Recycling saves money compared to disposal and is also better for the environment.
Mentari: What can a student do to save the Earth?
Jasmine: There are many things we can do! We can pack some vegetables and fruits in a lunch box instead of buying them at the convenience store. Isn't it healthier that way?
Mentari : Yes. I agree with you. We can also reduce the purchase of bottled water and cold drinks. Instead, bring your own mug or tumbler.
Jasmine: Right. That way, we can save money; we can be healthier, and; we can help the environment.
Mentari: What else can we do?
Jasmine: If you're going to buy something at any store, why not try using reusable bags instead of buying plastic? That way, you can help reduce pollution and waste in our country. Invest in eco-friendly bags.
Mentari: I see, I already have some eco-bags but I always forget to bring them.
Jasmine: It's okay, at least we've tried to implement small things that can help the environment. Next we have to get used to applying it regularly.
Mentari: Yes, that's right. I agree with you.
Police: "What is the problem?"
Amir: "I would like to report a break-in." Police: "When?" (Kapan?)
Amir: "I believed it happened last night." Police: "Where was the break-in?"
Amir: "It happened at my house."
Police: "Was anything stolen?" Amir: "I haven't checked yet."
Police: "Okay. Then why you think there was a break-in?" Amir: "My front window was broken."
Police: "We will send a squad car shortly to investigate." Amir: "Thank you."
Ahmad: "Have you heard the news of The Santosos?"
Lina: "Yes. The news came as a complete shock."
Ahmad: "I know. I never know that they actually have financial problem."
Lina: "Me too. They always look fine. But, do you remember the last party they held in the hotel?"
Ahmad: "Yes. That is an exclusive party. I'm sure they spend a lot of money on that."
Lina: "Let just pray they can go through this mess."
Part 4 Excercise
Jellyfish are not really fish. They are invertebrate animals. This means that unlike fish or people, they have no backbones. In fact, they have no bones at all.
Jellyfish have stomachs and mouths, but no heads. They have nervous systems for sensing the world around them, but no brains. They are made almost entirely of water, which is why you can look through them.
Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light. The light is made by a chemical reaction inside the jellyfish. Scientists believe jellyfish glow for several reasons. For example, they may glow to scare away predators or to attract animals they like to eat.
Most jellyfish live in salt water, apart from a few types that live in fresh water. Jellyfish are found in oceans and seas all over the world. They live in warm, tropical seas and in icy waters near the North and South poles.
1. Which one creates jellyfish's light?
A. White blood
B. Nervous system
C. Chemical reaction
D. Salt water
2. Which one is TRUE about the jellyfish based on the text?
A. They belong to invertebrate animals
B. They have heads like other animals
C. Their brain helps them find the food
D. They cannot live in fresh water
3. What is the text about?
A. Jellyfish
B. Kinds of all fish
C. All invertebrate animal
D. Some kinds of sea animals
4. “Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light.” (paragraph 3)
The word “glow” in the sentence means …
A. Move
B. Produce
C. Appear
D. Shine
Read the following text to questions number 5 to 9.
The fastest baseball game on record took place on August 30, 1916. The two teams were from Winston-Salem and Asheville, North Carolina. The game was played in Asheville. The Winston-Salem team had to travel by train to and from Asheville. The last train that could get them back home on the same day was to leave at three o’clock. But the game was set for two o’ clock. How could they play the whole game and catch a train in just one hour? They asked the home team if they could start the game early. The Asheville team agreed.
The game started at 1:28. Both team played faster than they had ever had. All the batter swung at the first pitch. The team ran on and off the field between innings. Once, the Asheville pitcher even pitched before his teammates were on the field. The game was over at 1:59 . winston-Salem won by two-one. The players had no problem catching the train.
5. What is the text about?
A. The fastest baseball game on record
B. Winston-Salem and Asheville
C. Playing a game and catching a train
D. Winston-Salem victory
6. “The fastest baseball game on record took place on August 30, 1916″
What does the underline phrase means?
A. Happened
B. Hastened
C. Found
D. Matched
7. What time did the game between Winston-Salem and Ashevile finish?
A. 1:28
B. 1:59
C. 2:00
D. 3:00
8. The main idea of the last paragraph is that the fastest baseball game on record was played ….
A. At 1:59
B. More than one hour
C. From 2:00 to 3:00 on August 1916
D. In only 31 minutes so that the visiting team could catch the train
9. What can we conclude from the text?
A. The Winston-Salem team cancelled their game
B. The first baseball game was played by Winston-Salem and Asheville
C. The Ashville team was thoughtful of their opponents’situation
D. Winston-Salem was a good host team
Read the following text to questions number 10 to 12.
The Jakarta Post
Unlike other international airlines which have stopped flights to Jakarta, Garuda Indonesia has no plan to delay its operation in the capital city.
Garuda Indonesia spokesman Pujobroto said the national flag airlines had not received any notification that Soekarno-Hatta Airport had been affected by the volcanic ash from the Mt. Merapi eruption about 500 kilometers to the east. "There has been no notification from the aviation authorities which says the airport is affected by the volcanic ash. Therefore Garuda continues its activities", Pujobroto said as quoted by kompas.com.
A total of 13 international carriers stopped their flights to Jakarta on Saturday, concerned out volcanic ash in the air that could cause damage to their aircraft engines, and endanger safety. They are Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, Turkish Air, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa and KLM.
Separately, Soekarno Hatta Airport operator PT Angkasa Pura II said the airport was safe and not affected by the volcano's eruptions. "The airport is considered normal and safe so far", airport operator's president director Tri S Sunoko said.
10. What does the text tell us about?
A. International airlines to Jakarta
B. Volcanic ash of Merapi eruption
C. The condition of Sukarno Hatta Airport
D. Garuda's operation in relation to the volcanic ash of Mt. Merapi
11. What is the reason for Garuda to continue its activities?
A. Volcanic ashes had causing some damages to aircraft
B. There is no notification of danger from authorities
C. Other international carriers had stop their service
D. Soekarno Hatta airport is unsafe for flights
12. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
A. 13 international carries stopped their flights to Jakarta because of the volcanic ash
B. Malaysia Airlines, Air Asia, Singapore Airlines are some of International carriers
C. Volcanic ash in the air could cause damage to aircraft and engines
D. 13 international carriers are in critical situation in Jakarta
Read the following text to questions number 13 to 16.
One of the most valuable and widespread plant is the bamboo. It is a tall treelike grass. There are more than 350 species. Most grow in Asia and on islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Although bamboo is a tropical plant, it can grow in a cooler temperate zones.
A single root may produce as many as 100 stems. They are hollow, woody, and jointed. The stems are sometimes 3 feet (0,9 meter) around. Sprouts grow fast, at times 1 foot (0,3 meter) or more a day. They may grow to 30, 50, or even 130 feet (9 to 40 meters) in height. Near the top are many branches. Some species do not bloom for 60 years or more.
Bamboo products range from food to houses. Asian people usually use the sprouts as vegetables. In East and Southeast Asia people use the hollow stems for water pipes and for building bridges and houses. Short sections serve as pails and cooking utensils. The stems make for walls, floors, and roofs. Thinner strips are woven into mats, chairs, cages, and curtains. Bamboo fishing rods are made of matched strips glued together. Split bamboo is also used for chopsticks and fan ribs. The inner parts of the stems of several species are made into quality papers.
13. What is the text about?
A. Grass
B. Bamboo
C. Canebrake bamboo
D. A tropical plant
14. Which part of the bamboo can be used for building houses?
A. Bamboo sprouts
B. Hollow stems
C. Thinner strips
D. Split bamboos
15. “In East and Southeast Asia people use the hollow stems for water pipes and for building bridges and houses.” (paragraph 3)
From this sentences, we know that ….
A. Bamboo has multi purpose uses in East and Southeast Asia
B. We can find bamboo trees only in East and Southeast Asia
C. The holes in bamboo are used for water container
D. In East and Southeast Asia, the best water pipes are made of bamboos
16. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
A. Bamboo is used for houses only
B. Bamboo is needed in Asia
C. Bamboo is able to be consumed
D. Bamboo is a very useful plant
Read the following text to questions number 17 to 20.
A storm is a disturbance of the ordinary conditions of the atmosphere accompanied by wind, rain, snow, sleet, hail (frozen rain), or thunder and lighting. Types of storms include the extra tropical cyclone, the common, large-scale storm of temperate latitudes; the tropical cyclone, or hurricane, which is somewhat smaller in area than the former and accompanied by high winds and heavy rains; the tornado, or “twister,” a small but intense storm with very high winds, usually of limited duration; and the thunderstorm, local in nature and accompanied by brief but heavy rain showers and often by hail. The term storm is also applied to blizzard, sandstorms, and dust storms, in which high wind is the dominant meteorological element.
17. What is the text about?
A. Storms
B. Thunderstorms
C. Cyclones
D. Hurricanes
18. What is the small storm with high winds happening in short time called?
A. A cyclone
B. A twister
C. A hurricane
D. A blizzard
19. “A storm is a disturbance of the ordinary conditions of the atmosphere …”.
The underlined word means ….
A. Unusual
B. Normal
C. Great
D. Horrible
20. From the text above we know that the extra tropical cyclone and the tropical cyclone are different in ….
A. Height
B. Shape
C. Size
D. Length
Read the following text to questions number 21 and 24.
The peach is known as a species of Prunus. It is a kind of edible juicy fruit. It is native to China. The peach tree grows to 4-10 m tall. It is a deciduous tree so it will fall its leaves in certain seasons. It belongs to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae.
The leaves are 7-16 em long and 2-3 em broad. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves. They are solitary or paired with about 2,5-3 cm in diameter. The color of the flower is pink.
Peach fruit is very nice. Its aroma smells good. The color of the flesh is yellow or white. The skin of the peach is smooth or velvety. The flesh is soft and juicy. It is delicious. It is a little bit harder when it is unripe. Inside the flesh, there is a large single seed. The seed is oval in shape. Its color is red-brown. Its length is about 1,3-2 cm. A wood–like husk surrounds this seed.
Most people know peaches as 'persicas'. It is related to the belief that peaches were native to Persia (now Iran). The modern botanical consensus is that they originate in China, and were introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean region along the Silk Road before Christian times.
21. Which part of the peach fruit contains water?
A. The flesh
B. The husk
C. The seed
D. The skin
22. What is the purpose of the third paragraph?
A. To describe a peach tree
B. To describe the peach fruit
C. To describe the taste of peach fruit
D. To describe the smell of a peach tree
23. From the text we know that ....
A. Peaches come from Persia
B. Peaches do not originate in Persia
C. China imported peaches from Persia
D. The modern botanical consensus decided the name of the fruit
24. "It is a little bit harder when it is unripe". (paragraph 3)
The underlined word refers to the ... of the peaches.
A. Flesh
B. Seed
C. Skin
D. Tree
Read the following text to questions number 25 to 28.
An animal nursery is a kind of job. People who work as animal nursery workers work in zoos, kennels, animal shelters, and circuses. They are responsible for feeding, watering, cleaning, bathing and exercising animals. They care for animals' health by disinfecting them and keeping their cage clean. They keep records of treatments that the animals have received from the veterinarian, an animal doctor.
Animal nursery workers have serious responsibilities and functions. They provide care for newborns and young animals, prepare their food, transport them to feeding areas, and deliver food and water to them. The food they prepare is different for each species of animals they care for. They fill nursing bottles which have been sterilized with the appropriate feeding formula. They also take care of orphaned animals. They observe newborn animals and check for signs of disease or abnormality. They may perform physical exam on the young animals occasionally, taking their temperatures, pulse rate and blood pressure. They are also in charge of cleaning and preparing comfortable sleeping areas for animals, removing waste, cleaning and disinfecting them. They also make sure all cages and enclosures are safe.
25. What is the text about?
A. The animals being cared by animal nursery workers
B. The job description of animal nursery workers
C. A dangerous job of animal nursery workers
D. The work place of animal nursery workers
26. The food that the animal nursery workers prepared depends on ....
A. The physical condition of the animals
B. The emotional condition of the animals
C. The species of the animals
D. The age of the animals
27. "They keep records of treatments that the animals ...... (paragraph 1, line 4)
The underlined phrase is closest in meaning to ....
A. Make
B. Write
C. Listen
D. Watch
28. What is the purpose of the writer to write the text above?
A. To entertain the readers with the animal nursery workers' story
B. To explain the hobbies of the animal nursery workers
C. To explain how to be an animal nursery workers
D. To describe the job of animal nursery workers
Gardenia plants are popular for the strong sweet scent of their flowers. Gardenia is the national flower in Pakistan. In japan and China, the flower is called Kuchinashi (Japanese) and Thi zi (Chinese).
Gardenia plants are evergreen shrubs. Their small trees can grow to 1 – 5 meters tall. The leaves are 5 – 50 centimeters long and 3 – 25 centimeters broad, dark green, and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are in small groups, white, or pale yellow, with 5 – 12 lobes (petals) from 5 – 12 centimeters diameter. They usually bloom in mid-spring to mid-summer. Many species have strong aroma.
To cultivate gardenia as a house plant is not easy. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity and bright (not direct) light to thrive. It flourishes in acidic soil with good drainage and thrives on 20° – 23° C during the day and 15° – 16°C in the evening. Potting soils developed specifically for gardenias are available. It grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoor. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can reach the height of 6 feet. If water hits the flowers, they will turn brown.
29. How tall is a gardenia tree?
A. 3 – 25 cm
B. 5 – 12 cm
C. 5 – 50 cm
D. 1 – 5 m
30. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. It is easy to plant a gardenia tree
B. A gardenia plant needs high humidity
C. It’s not easy to plant gardenia as a house plant
D. A good drainage is important for gardenia plant
31. From the text we know that ….
A. People don’t like the strong scent of flower
B. Gardenia is widespread in Asia
C. The flower is easy to plant
D. The flower is expensive
32. “… because it originated in warm … (paragraph 3, line 10)
The underlined word refers to ….
A. The flower
B. The species
C. The soil
D. The leaf
Ostrich is a large flightless bird native to Africa. It is distinctive in its appearance with a long neck and legs. It has the ability to run at maximum speed of about 70 km/h, the top land speed of any bird. The Ostrich is the largest living species of bird and lays the largest egg of any hying bird. The diet of the Ostrich mainly consist of plant, though it also eats insects. It lives in nomadic groups which consist of five to fifty birds. When threatened, the Ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. Moreover, it can attack the enemy with a kick from its Powerful legs.
Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old. Females mature about six months earlier than males. The mating begins in March or April and ends before September.
33. What is the text about?
A. The Ostrich
B. The African bird
C. The nomadic bird
D. The largest bird in the world
34. What does Ostrich do when its threatened?
A. Runs away
B. Eats insects
C. Attacks its enemy
D. Lives in nomadic group
35. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Ostrich is a large flightless bird native to Africa
B. The Ostrich is the largest living species of bird
C. Mature Ostrich mates in March to September
D. The female Ostrich mature about six months earlier than males
36. "It lives in nomadic groups..." The underlined word is closest in meaning ....
A. Laying the largest egg
B. Eating plants for living
C. Living in a certain place
D. Wandering from place to place
Ant is an insect. There are more than 12.000 species of ants all over the world. An ant is tiny insect but it can lift 20 boles Its own body weight.
There are three kinds of ants in a colony, the queen, the female workers don't have wings. The queen is the only ant that can lay eggs. The male ants' job Is to male with future queen ants and they do not live long afterward. Once the queen grows to adulthood, she spends the rest of her life laying eggs. A colony may have a queen or many queens depend on the species.
Ant colony has soldiers that protect the queen, defend the colony, gather food, and attack the enemy colonies. If they are able to defeat their enemy, they will take away their eggs. When these eggs hatch, the next ants will become slaves.
37. Which ant lays eggs?
A. The male
B. The queen
C. The soldier
D. The female worker
38. What is the main idea of paragraph two?
A. The queen is only ant that can lay eggs
B. There are three kinds of ants in a colony
C. The queen and the males have wings
D. Ants live in three colonies
39. “An ant is a tiny insect but It can lift ...” (paragraph 2) The underlined word is closest in meaning to ....
A. Useful
B. Small
C. Strong
D. Big
40. How do the soldier ants treat defeated enemy?
A. They will take away their eggs
B. They mate the future queen ants
C. They ask them to leave the colony
D. They attacked the enemy soldier till dead
A cactus (plural: cacti) is any member of the plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also crop plants. Cacti are grown for protection of property from wild animals, as well as malty other uses.
Cacti are unusual and distinctive plants, which are adapted to extremely hot environments, showing a wide range of anatomical and physiological features which conserve water.
Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Many cactus species are night blooming, as they are pollinated by nocturnal insects or small animals, principally moths and bats. Cacti range in size from small and globular to tall and columnar.
41. Cacti can adapt to hot environments because their anatomical and physiological features ....
A. Are unusual
B. Are extreme
C. Conserve water
D. Have large sizes
42. What does the third paragraph tell us about?
A. The usage of cacti
B. The habitat of cacti
C. The advantages of cacti
D. The characteristics of cacti
43. The underlined word in "Many cactus species are night blooming, as ..." is closest in meaning to ....
A. Performing
B. Flowering
C. Increasing
D. Creating
44. A cactus can be easily found in front of many houses because it is often used as a/an ... plant.
A. Crop
B. Wild
C. Unusual
D. Ornamental
The black widow spider is an extremely poisonous spider of North and South America. Only the female one is dangerous. The bite of the male is generally harmless. Although it is greatly feared, it is not aggressive and generally bites only to defend itself.
This kind of spider has long legs and smooth, black bodies. The female spider is about twice as big as the male. It has a round, shiny, black abdomen, with a distinctive mark shaped like an hourglass on the underside. The male spider is only about half as the long as females and has more slender body. It has four pairs of red dots along the sides of the abdomen. It is rarely seen and is harmless.
Black widow spiders primarily eat insect that they trap in their webs. They kill their prey by biting and then inserting their venom. Birds and other animals learn not to eat the spider by identifying hourglass mark on their body. The venom makes the animal sick but usually does not kill them.
45. What does the text mostly tell us about?
A. The black widow spider's enemy
B. The habitat of black widow spiders
C. The black widow spider in general
D. The danger of black widow spiders
46. What happens when an animal eats a black widow spider?
A. The animal will soon die because of the venom
B. The animal will get sick because of the venom
C. The spider shows hourglass mark on its body
D. The animal will become more aggressive
47. What is the main food of the black widow spider?
A. Fish
B. Birds
C. Insects
D. Reptiles
48. The underlined word in "... as long as female and have more slender bodies." is closest in meaning to ....
A. Huge
B. Small
C. Slim
D. Thick
Lightning is one of Nature's most dangerous phenomenon. The average lightning flash could light a 100 watt light bulb for more than three months. The temperature of a lightning bolt may reach 27.760°C which is hotter than the surface of the sun.
Lightning is not only an outdoor hazard. In houses without adequate lightning protection. It can be dangerous to take a bath or shower. The electric shock could be delivered along the water pipes. There is also the risk of lightning shocks being transmitted via telephone or plugged in electronics in houses without protection. Thus, people who live in these houses should unplug telephones, computers, and televisions during storms, protecting them from damage in case of lightning strike. If that is too much work, it's much safer to at least install special socket inserts that protect against surges.
49. What is the text mainly about?
A. The power of lightning.
B. The danger of lightning.
C. The definition of lightning.
D. The process of lightning.
50. How can the lightning be dangerous while we are taking a bath?
A. The electric shock could be delivered along the water pipes.
B. The lightening can be transmitted via electronics.
C. The lightning strike can protect them from damage.
D. Electronic in houses can deliver telephone and televisions.
51. Which of the following is prohibited to do when there is lightning in a house without lightning protection?
A. Sweep the floor
B. Vacuum the carpet
C. Boil water
D. Turn on the torch
52. The information text above mainly is important for ...
A. The teacher
B. The scientist
C. The housewife
D. The student
Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that lives in the southern regions of the Earth. Though many people imagine a small, black-and-white animal when they think of penguins, these birds actually come in a variety of sizes, and some are very colourful.
For example, crested penguins spot a crown of yellow feathers. Blushes of orange and yellow mark the necks of emperor and king penguins. What look like bright yellow, bushy eyebrows adorn the heads of some species, such as the Foirdland, Royal, Snares and rock hopper penguins. The macaroni penguin's name comes from the crest of yellow feathers on its head, which looks like the 18th-century hats of the same name. A light yellow mask covers the face of the yellow—eyed penguin around the eyes.
53. What is the purpose of the text above?
A. To describe about a penguin
B. To tell readers how penguins live
C. To inform the readers the kinds of penguins
D. To tell facts about penguins
54. Paragraph 2 describe penguins in terms of its ...
A. Shape
B. Habitat
C. Sizes
D. Colour
55. "Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that live in the southern regions of the earth." What can we infer from the sentence?
A. Penguins have strong body.
B. Penguins cannot fly.
C. Penguins live on the ocean
D. Penguins live the north pole.
Essay
Answer: A report text is a type of writing that provides information about a particular topic in a factual, detailed, and organized manner. It aims to inform the reader about the characteristics, features, or facts of something.
Answer: The purpose of a report text is to describe or explain information in a clear and structured way. It is meant to provide factual details about a subject, helping the reader to understand it better.
Answer: The main features of a report text include:
A title or heading
General statements about the topic
Description or classification of the subject
Facts and information presented clearly and accurately
5. Use of third-person language (not personal pronouns)
4 What are the key/language features of a report text?
Answer:
Report texts are designed to describe and inform about specific topics or phenomena. The key language features of report texts include:
Factual and Impersonal Tone: Report texts avoid personal opinions and instead focus on objective, factual information. They often use the third person and passive voice.
Formal Language: Report texts typically use formal language, especially when presenting information for academic or professional purposes.
Use of Technical Terms: Depending on the subject, report texts may contain specialized or technical vocabulary relevant to the topic.
Classification or Generalization: The text often begins with a general statement or classification about the subject and proceeds to present specific information or details.
Present Tense: Information in report texts is usually presented in the present tense, especially when stating facts or general truths.
Headings and Subheadings: To organize information clearly, reports often use headings and subheadings, guiding the reader through different sections.
Use of Pictures or Graphs: In scientific or business reports, visuals such as tables, charts, or diagrams are used to support and clarify information.
Answer: Example: "The Elephant: The elephant is the largest land animal. It has a trunk used for drinking water, picking up objects, and communicating. Elephants live in groups called herds and are found in Africa and Asia."
Answer: A report text describes facts and general information about a topic, while a recount text retells past events in a chronological order. Report texts are objective and factual, whereas recount texts focus on personal experiences.
Answer: The stages of writing a report text are:
Introduction: State the general topic
Body: Provide detailed information and facts
Conclusion: Summarize the key points or findings
Answer: The body of a report text is organized into paragraphs, with each paragraph describing a specific characteristic, feature, or aspect of the topic. Each paragraph should focus on one idea and provide factual information.
Answer: It is important to use clear and accurate language in a report text because the aim is to convey information in a way that the reader can easily understand. Any ambiguity or inaccuracy could lead to confusion or misinformation.
Answer: A report text uses formal, objective, and impersonal language. The tone is neutral and factual, and third-person pronouns are typically used instead of first-person pronouns.
Answer: Example titles could be:
"The Solar System"
"The Life Cycle of a Butterfly"
"Types of Rainforests"
Answer: Suitable topics for a report text include things like animals, plants, historical events, weather phenomena, geographical features, inventions, or scientific concepts.
Answer: Facts are crucial in a report text because they help to provide accurate, reliable, and trustworthy information. A report text is meant to inform the reader, and factual content ensures the reader receives true and verifiable information.
Answer: A descriptive text focuses on describing one specific object, person, or place in great detail, often using sensory language. A report text, on the other hand, provides general factual information about a subject or topic, often in an organized structure.
Answer: Yes, a report text can include pictures, diagrams, graphs, or tables to support and illustrate the facts or information being discussed. These visual aids help the reader better understand the content.
Answer: The introduction is important because it gives the reader an overview of the topic. It sets the context for the information to follow and helps the reader understand what to expect from the rest of the report.
Answer: To classify information means to organize the information into categories or groups based on shared characteristics. For example, when writing about animals, one might classify them into groups like mammals, reptiles, birds, etc.
Answer: The conclusion in a report text summarizes the key points or findings. It wraps up the information and can sometimes suggest further study or highlight the significance of the topic discussed.
Answer: Some tips for writing an effective report text include:
Choose a clear, focused topic
Organize information logically
Use clear, concise, and formal language
Include relevant facts and details
Proofread to ensure accuracy and clarity
Answer: When writing a report text, you should avoid:
Personal opinions or biases
Irrelevant details
Ambiguous or unclear language
Using first-person language like "I" or "we"