20% of landfills is made up of food waste. When this waste decomposes in a landfill, it is usually anaerobic (without oxygen) and methane is a byproduct. Methane is 20x more potent than carbon dioxide with regards to Global Warming. By composting, you can reduce waste in landfills, and reduce the amount of methane released into the atmosphere. Additionally, compost is full of nutrients for plants and is great to add to plant pots, gardens, and more. The gardening industry even refers to compost as Black Gold.
Collect "the Greens" (yard trimmings and food waste)
For at home composting, this includes raw veggies and fruits (no oils, spices, etc.). Egg shells and coffee grinds can be composted as well. No Dairy, meats, or cooked products. Include any green yard trimmings such as grass (make sure there are no seeds). For more information visit: EPA.Gov
Collect "the Browns" (dead, brown plant matter)
For at home composting this includes leaves, paper (shredded), cardboard (small pieces), small twigs. You should have approximately the same amount of Greens and Browns. For more information visit: EPA.Gov
Mix it all together
Remember to have equal amounts of Greens and Browns. The Greens provide water and nitrogen while the Browns provide carbon.
A common way to create a compost pile is layering the Browns then Greens on top of each-other. This helps to ensure that there is an even mix throughout the pile. Make sure the top layer is Browns, especially if the pile is outdoors so the Greens retain their water, and to help prevent animals from getting in. Some sort of enclosed box, or area where animals can't get in such as a garden is important or else animals will eat the food scraps before the bacteria can.
Made sure to mix the compost pile every few days to ensure that there are no patches of only Browns or Greens, and that there is sufficient oxygen in the pile for the bacteria to get to work(and put a cover of browns on afterwards).
Thats about it. Just make sure the pile has enough of the 4 compost ingredients: air, water, Browns, and Greens, and the bacteria will do the rest of the work.
Bacteria, and microorganisms
The same bacteria and organisms, such as worms that break down plant matter in the wild, are at work when composting. These organisms consume the food scraps and other materials and leave behind fertile soil. The key to successful composting is maintaining a healthy population of microorganisms. You want to make sure that bacteria and small organisms like worms can enter your compost pile. There are even certain compost systems that use primarily worms (Click here for more information). In short, composting utilizes the natural elements of decomposition in nature to turn your food scraps and waste into fertile Black Gold.