The Tundra is a cold and sub-zero climate which makes it hard for us to live there. Imagine it! You living in the cold South or North Pole with insufficient food or water. (If you count the sea water, well then yes there is water.) But some species of animals have made a habitat of what they have and dealt with it. Sadly, the animals living in the the tundra are decreasing in numbers quickly for many reasons, some because of insufficient food, poaching or other reasons. According to an article "Endangered Animals" issued by National Geographic (Link to website), there are 7 levels of conservation of nature: (level 1) least concern, (level 2) near threatened, (level 3) vulnerable, (level 4) endangered, (level 5) critically endangered, (level 6) extinct in the wild and (level 7) extinct. We will now address different endangered animals in the Tundra.
"Rock ptarmigan, also known as Lagopus muta, is a medium sized bird in the grouse family. It's a bird that lives in the Artic Circle, in leafless trees. It prefers cold temperatures as it can get nervous in hot weather. In Japan, it's known as Raicho, or Thunder Bird. It's popular in Gifu, Nagano and Toyama." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Lagopus, is from Ancient Greek Lagos, meaning hare and pous meaning foot, because of the bird's feathered legs. Muta comes from Neo-Latin, meaning mute, referring to the male's croacking sound. For many years, it was spelt mutus, people thinking lagopus is male. But, lagopus in Ancient Greek is female, so they renamed it lagopus muta. The word ptarmigan originates from Scottish Gaelic word tarmachan which meanings croaker. The silent p was added in 1684 by Robbert Sibbard, because of the influence of Greek." (Source: Wikipedia)
Male and female rock ptarmigans go through a change of coat depending on the season and whether they are breeding. These are the different variations:
"Breeding males have a brown plumage, only their legs and belly remain white. Their bill is short and their eyebrows are an orange-red tint."
"Female breeding rock ptarmigans have a tiger-like plummage, a brown coat with black stripes and small, vibrant red eyebrows."
"Nonbreeding males have a white plumage, with a short bill and their eyebrows are a more distinctive red. They have a black stripe in front of their eye, connecting to the bill."
(Source: 'All About Birds')
"These ptarmigans don't migrate and continue to remain in alpine tundra and Artic regions. Males and females have white plumage until late May and early June, when they turn dark brown. This is called the summer plumage."
The rock ptarmigan isn't the only species with the name ptarmigan, as there are other sub-species which also look alike.
"The willow ptarmigan (lagopus lagopus) is a large game-bird in the subfamily Tetraoninae of the pheasant family Phasiaidae. It is known as the willow grouse in Ireland and Britain, where it was confused as another species, the red grouse. It breeds in birch and other forests and moor, Northern Europe." (Source: Wikipedia)
"The white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) is also known as snow quail. It is the smallest bird in the grouse family. It lives in high altitudes or in high branches of trees. They are native to Alaska, USA and some parts of Canada. Its coat changes in some parts of the year, but the tail and belly remain white the whole year round." (Souce: Wikipedia)
"The spruce grouse (Canachites Canadensis) has many different names, like the Canada goose, spruce hen and fool hen. Its species roam across boreal forests and taiga of North America. Its ability to adapt to perching on trees and its mobility in trees is incredible. When predators are present, it will give the predator a few metres to shorten the distance and then will fly away." (Source: Wikipedia)
Ptarmigans live for 2-4 years.
Rock ptarmigans can adapt to the environment well and can change their diet easily. They mostly eat plants, but sometimes eat insects and other small invertebrates.
"Catkin (or ament, Alnus) is a cluster of flowers that don't have petals on them. Mostly wind pollinated but sometimes pollinated by insects. They contain individual tiny flowers on each stem, with one main stem." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Aspens are a type of popular tree with leaves that move even with a small movement. The two main species are called 'trembling aspens' or 'quaking aspens' because of the movement of their leaves." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Betula Nana (or dwarf birch) is a species of birch in the family Betulaceae, found in Arctic regions. Its a shrub growing up to 1-1.2 meters." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Pussy willow (Salix Discolour Muhl) is the name given to many smaller species of genus Salix when their furry catkin are young. Before the catkins are fully grown, they have a layer of grey fur, which looks like kittens or pussies." (Source: Wikipedia)
"The crowberry (Empetrum Nigrum) is a flowering plant in the heather family Ericaceae. Crowberries are low growing, evergreen shrub with a creeping habitat. The leaves are about 3-6 mm long. Interestingly, the stem is red when young, but turns brown later on." (Source: Wikipedia)
"The lingonberry (or Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea) is an evergreen shrub in the heather family Ericaceae, like the crowberry. It has beautiful vibrant red colour and is a yummy snack for ptarmigans. It's native to the boreal forests, as well as Arctic regions, North America and Asia." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Willow leaves (Salix Alba) are long and thin, some round and oval, with jagged edges. The species are deciduous, but semi-green willow leaves are rare." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Dryas (Dryas Octopetala) are genus of cushion forming evergreen dwarf shrubs in the family Rosaceae, native to arctic and alpine regions. Dryas got the name from dryads, the tree of nymphs of Greek mythology." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Locoweed (or crazyweed, Oxytropis) is a common name for any plant in North America that produces swainsonime, an alkaloid that harms livestock. In the world, a small number of species produce swainsonime, most of them from the family Fabaceae." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Insects (Insecta) are hexopod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group in the arthropod phylum. Insects have a special exoskeleton and a three-parted body (head, thorax and abdomen)." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Larve (Arthopoda, Xiphosura, euproops larva) are distinct young, undeveloped bugs. They take a form of a white worm-like creature before the process of metamorphosis into the adult life stage." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Snails (Gastropoda) is a shelled gastropod, referred to as land snails, or garden pests. But, it mostly refers to the coiled shell gastropod, the shell large enough for the animal to completely disappear inside." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Bistort (bistorta officinalis) is a species of flowering plant in the family polygonaceae, native to Europe, northern and south Asia. Bistort is a herb growing to 20 to 80 cm, tall by 90 cm wide. It has a twisted rootstock. That's why one of its names are snakeroot." (Source: Wikipedia)
Rock ptarmigans are prey to many natural hunters like owls, lynxs and foxes. This may be one of the reasons why it might be going extinct, because the predators usually kill off the young or eat the eggs.
"Snow owls (Bubo Scaniacus) are the largest owl species in the true owl family. They are native to the Arctic regions of North America and Paleartic, breeding in tundra. It adapts well in its environment, unlike other owl species. As the largest species of owl, it is also the only white coloured species." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Canada lynxes (Lynx Canadensis) are one of the four lynx species. It is a medium feline, with long dense fur and long black tips on the ears. The paws act like snowshoes, protecting the paws from the frost. It was first discovered by Robert Kerr in 1792." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Red foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) are the largest species of true foxes and one of the most shared member of the family Carnivora. They usually populate around the North hemisphere, North America, Europe and Asia. They have traveled to Australia, so they were put on the list of 100 most invasive species." (Source: Wikipedia)
Did you know that rock ptarmigans have their own snow boots? There feathers on their legs prevent snow coming in.
The ptarmigan is offical bird of Nunavut, Canada.
It is the offical gamebird of Newfoundland and Labrador
They live in the far north; the most northest land there is!
"Polar bears (Ursus Maritimus) are the largest species of bear (also the most largest land predator in the world) closely related to the brown bear, but much more slender,a longer neck and a lower shoulder hump. Their teeth are sharp and are usually best at tearing at meat. Their diet and be very diverse if their preferred prey is scarce." (Source: Wikipedia)
"It was called 'polar bear' by a man named Thomas Pennant in 1771, but it was early known as the 'sea bear' 'white bear' 'greenland bear' and 'ice bear'. It is also called nanook by Innuit, Netsilik it's called anguraq (Male) and tattaq (Female). Ursus Maritimus came from Latin, in english it translates to 'sea bear'. There are more names in Netsilik, for more specific ages, like 'arnaluk' (gestating females) 'hagliaqtug' (newborns) 'namiaq' (young transforming into adults) and 'apitliiit' (hibernating bears)." (Source: Wikipedia)
Polar bears have three variations, but the only difference are the thickness in coat. Thick coats, thin coats and medium coats.
Polar bears live up to 25-30 years.
Polar bears can be very diverse eaters. They can change their diet quickly if their preferred prey is scarce. These include seals, belugas, plants, narwhals.
"Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) are a species of earless seals, or true seals. They are native to North Atlantic Ocean and Artic Ocean. They were miscatagorized into the genus Phoca with other species. But then was regrouped to a one-type species genus Pagophilus." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are a true seal species, in the same family as the harp seals. They are usually found in the North Hemisphere, around the coastlines. They are the most widely spread species of pinniped (eared seals, walruses, and true seals). They are native to the Pacific Ocean, Baltic and North seas." (Source: Wikipedia )
"Walruses (Odobenus Rosmarus) is a pinniped species with two large canines, with two small eyes. Strangely, they ahave pretty good eyesight in water, yet when on ice/land they lose that good eyesight and rely on their sense of hearing. They are found in the North Pole Arctic Oceans and subarctic oceans." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Ringed seals (Pusa hispida) are an earless seal species, populating around the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, South Newfoundland, North Japan, Arctic Greenland and Scandinavia. They are the primary prey of polar bears and killer whales, because of their high fat. Interestingly, they are also a food source to the indigenous people of the Artic."(Source: Wikipedia)
"Hooded seals (Cystophora Cristata) are a VU species according to the IUCN red list. They are a large Phocidae family member, living in central/western North Atlantic Ocean. The seals coat colour are sliver-grey, pups having a blue tint on their back. But their blue-grey coat sheds after they are 14 months old. Surprisingly, they are the only species in the genus Cystophora family." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) are a medium-sized pinniped species, native to the Arctic Ocean. They are the largest North phocidae, they weigh as much as 300 kg, and their whiskers curl when dry, making them charismatic and cute. Aside from being a earless seal, it has square flippers. Phocidae has 2 sub families; Phocinae and Monachniae." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Narwhals (Monodon Monoceros) is a species of toothed whale, the only member of the family genus monodon. It lives in the Artic sea, only unguarded to polar bears and orcas, as they are one of the different prey of polar bears and orcas. Narwhals are known for their horn/tusk, which is 3m tall." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Beluga whales (Delphinaterus Leucas) are artic/sub-arctic dolphin in the family Monodontidae. Belugas are one of the two family members in the family Monodontidae, and it's the only one member in family genus dephinapterus. It's called the sea carnery because of its high calls." (Source: Wikipedia)
"Arctic cod (Boreogadus Saida) is a species in the family Gaedidae, and is also somewhat related to the genus Gaedidae family." (Source: Wikipedia)