According to Ellen Wagner, "Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities".
Instructional design is the creation and testing of instructional materials for a specific skill and set of learners.
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Source: https://elearninginfographics.com/the-addie-model-infographic/
The ADDIE model is a five step process for creating instructional products. It begins with the analysis phase where a topic is chosen based on an area of need and a target audience is chosen. The second step is the design phase. In the design phase, objectives are created for the topic and strategies are chosen to help meet the goals the designer would expect to see. The third step is the development phase. In the development phase, the designer is creating the actual instruction for the topic. This included all steps needed in order for students to learn the topic being taught, the materials needed to implement the instruction, and any assessments. This also includes formative evaluations of the design materials to make sure that they align with the objectives. In the implementation phase, this is where the instructional material is put into practice with the intended audience. Finally, the evaluation phase is evaluating how well a student learns the material being presented.
The ADDIE model is extremely different from other models. Where the Addie model focuses on instructional design, Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction focuses more on the process to work through the steps of implementing an already created design. It is my understanding that the ADDIE model would be used before Gagne's model as well as during the model for areas such as presenting content and assessing performance.
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Source: https://www.coursearc.com/gagnes-nine-events-of-instruction/
Gagne's Nine Events model is a structure created with nine steps to implement an instructional design. This is done by first gaining the students attention and then informing students of the learning objectives. The third step is presenting the content to the students. This is where I believe the ADDIE model would be used, to create the content material being presented. The fifth step is providing guidance to the students, and then giving students the opportunity to practice the presented content. The seventh step is for the instructor to provide feedback to students. The eighth step is to assess the performance of the students and the final step is to enhance retention.
While this is a wonderful model, and one I feel that I use often as an educator, I found the ADDIE model a bit more beneficial as it taught me to create the instructional material that I need to teach in the classroom.
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Source: https://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Systematic_Design_of_Instruction
The Dick and Carey Model is a multistep process which includes constant revision throughout the ID model process.
Step 1: Identify Instructional Goals or Need
Step 2: Conduct Instructional Analysis and Identify Entry Behaviors
Step 3: Write Performance Objectives
Step 4: Develop Criterion-Reference Tests
Step 5: Develop Instructional Strategy
Step 6: Develop and Select Instructional Materials
Step 7: Develop and Conduct Formative Evaluation
Step 8: Develop and Conduct Summative Evaluation
The design process for ETEC 5440 was a challenging and rewarding experience. Working within a group could be a challenge at times, however my group was able to overcome our challenges and create a product that we were all proud of. I enjoyed the course and learning the ADDIE model in detail. It is not often that educators get to learn a process in such a detailed, guided and practiced way. I wish that we had more time in the course. Our group only had time to complete the first lesson, the short a sound, with our intended group and I would have loved to be able to see the results from the entire process. While my students where not the intended audience, I did do the first part of the lesson with my students as well, just for the personal experience. The experience I did have, made me extremely excited to create more material to help my students in the future. It also taught me that this process takes a long time and therefore, creating multiple lessons for different topics will take years to create especially for an elementary school teacher. The ADDIE model taught me patience rather than jumping to use pre-created content material from a book.
As I started planning my modules for my design project for ETEC 6440, I found the Dick and Carey model easy enough to follow. However, I had a much harder time due to working with a lower level group. The Dick and Carey model felt like it was created for higher levels of research, not for working with young students face-to-face. It was much more specific in its design than the ADDIE model. However, it felt like all of the pieces were more specific than the ADDIE model because it was the physical design process rather than including the implementation and the results. In the end, I was able to create a project that I am proud of, and I can’t wait to be able to use it next year to help my new set of students from the very beginning.
Gagne's nine events of instruction. CourseArc. (2022, January 28). Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://www.coursearc.com/gagnes-nine-events-of-instruction/
Infographics, eL. (2019, February 21). The addie model infographic - e-learning infographics. e. Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://elearninginfographics.com/the-addie-model-infographic/
Wagner, E. D., & Ellen D. WagnerDr. Ellen Wagner is a co-founder and chief research officer at PAR Framework. She also serves as vice president of research at Hobsons. In the past. (1970, January 1). What is this thing called instructional design? Foundations of Learning and Instructional Design Technology. Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://edtechbooks.org/lidtfoundations/what_is_instructional_design