References

AECOM, & Camphora (2024). Singapore Biodiversity Accounting Metric: Version 1.1. http://anz.planengage.com/singapore-bio-metric 

Blanco-Zaitegi, G.,  Etxeberria, I. A., & Moneva, J. M. (2022). Biodiversity accounting and reporting: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 371, 133677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133677.

Boyle, B. L. Franklin, W., Burton, B., & Gullison, R. E. (2024). Vegetation quality assessment: A sampling-based loss-gain accounting framework for native, disturbed and reclaimed vegetation. Ecological Indicators, 158, 111510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111510.

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2025, July 1). New South Wales. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/New-South-Wales 

Chan, L., Ng, D. and Lim, L.J. (2023). Habitat restoration and enhancement as a thrust in the Nature Conservation Masterplan and City in Nature Vision. In: Chan, L., Ng, D. and Lim, L.J. (eds), Handbook on Habitat Restoration: General Principles and Case Studies in Singapore, pp. 1–3. National Parks Board, Singapore. Available at https://www.nparks.gov.sg/docs/default-source/resources/2023/handbook-habitat-restoration-chapter1.pdf 

Cianchi, B., Everard, M., Gething, B., Cooke, R., & Ginepro, M. (2023). The efficacy of biodiversity and ecosystem assessment approaches for informing a regenerative approach to built development. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4811 

Davidson, P., Seet, S. P. L., Tan, C. Y. T., Welch, A., & Yap, D. C. H. (2024). The Singapore Biodiversity Accounting Metric: Quantifying biodiversity in a tropical city state. In Practice: Bulletin of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, 124, 48-52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381256525_The_Singapore_Biodiversity_Accounting_Metric_Quantifying_biodiversity_in_a_tropical_city_state , &/ or https://cieem.net/i-am/in-practice/ 

Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (DEECA; n.d.). Bioregions and EVC benchmarks. State of Victoria. Retrieved July 10, 2024 from https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/biodiversity/bioregions-and-evc-benchmarks 

Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2017). Guidelines for the removal, destruction or lopping of native vegetation. The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/91146/Guidelines-for-the-removal,-destruction-or-lopping-of-native-vegetation,-2017.pdf 

Department of Food and Rural Affairs. (2024a, February 13). Press release: New housing developments to deliver nature boost in landmark move. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-housing-developments-to-deliver-nature-boost-in-landmark-move 

Department of Food and Rural Affairs. (2024b). Statutory Biodiversity Metric: User guide.  GOV.UK.  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65c60e0514b83c000ca715f3/The_Statutory_Biodiversity_Metric_-_User_Guide_.pdf. 

Department of Food and Rural Affairs. (2024c, February 22). Guidance: Irreplaceable habitats. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/irreplaceable-habitats 

Department of Food and Rural Affairs. (2024d, February 12). Guidance: Statutory biodiversity credit prices. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/statutory-biodiversity-credit-prices

Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (2020). Biodiversity Assessment Method. Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, State Government of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. 

https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Animals-and-plants/Biodiversity/biodiversity-assessment-method-2020-200438.pdf

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2004). Native vegetation: sustaining a living landscape. Vegetation Quality Assessment Manual: Guidelines for applying the habitat hectares scoring method: Version 1.3. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment. https://ecavic.org.au/resources/assessment-resources 

Dorrough, J., & Oliver, I. (2024). Does the NSW vegetation integrity assessment underestimate the conservation values of derived native grasslands? Ecological Management and Restoration, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12602 

Duffus, N.E., Atkins, T.B., Ermgassen, S.O.S.E., Grenyer, R., Bull, J.W. & Castell, D.A. (2024) Metrics based on habitat area and condition are poor proxies for invertebrate biodiversity. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384774028_Metrics_based_on_habitat_area_and_condition_are_poor_proxies_for_invertebrate_biodiversity#fullTextFileContent 

Duffus, N.E., Lewis, O.T., Grenyer, R., Comont, R.F., Goddard, D., Goulson, D. et al. (2025) Leveraging Biodiversity Net Gain to address invertebrate declines in England. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12820 

Gallego-Álvarez, I., & Vicente-Villardón, J. L. (2012). Analysis of environmental indicators in international companies by applying the logistic biplot. Ecological Indicators, 23, 250-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.024.

Glenister, O. (2022). Does the Biodiversity Metric 3.1 discourage the creation of priority habitats? In Practice: Bulletin of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, 118, 11-15.

Global Reporting Initiative. (2024, February 27). Resource center. GRI. https://www.globalreporting.org/how-to-use-the-gri-standards/resource-center/ 

Gurnell, A. M., Scott, S. J., England, J.,  Gurnell, D., Jeffries, R., Shuker, L., & Wharton, G. (2020). Assessing river condition: A multiscale approach designed for operational application in the context of biodiversity net gain. River Research Application, 36, 1559–1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3673

Loang, O. K. (2023). The road to sustainable investing: Corporate Governance, Sustainable Development Goals, and the financial market. Institutions and Economies, 15(3), 33-57.  

https://ijie.um.edu.my/index.php/ijie/article/view/44738

Marshall, C. A. M., Wade, K., Kendall, I. S., Porcher, H., Poffley, J., Bladon, A. J., Dicks, L. V., & Treweek, J. (2024). England's statutory biodiversity metric enhances plant, but not bird nor butterfly, biodiversity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 61, 1918–1931. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14697 

Martinez-Cillero, R., Siggery, B., Murphy, R., Perez-Diaz, A., Christie, I., Chimbwandira, S. J. (2023). Functional connectivity modelling and biodiversity Net Gain in England: Recommendations for practitioners. Journal of Environmental Management, 328, 116857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116857 

McVittie, A., &  Faccioli, M. (2020). Biodiversity and ecosystem services net gain assessment: A comparison of metrics. Ecosystem Services, 44, 101145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101145 

National Parks Board, Singapore. (2024). Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BIA) guidelines (revised May 2024). National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/urban-biodiversity/biodiversity-impact-assessment-guidelines.

State Government of New South Wales. (2021, May 24). The NSW vegetation classification framework. Environment and Heritage. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/biodiversity/bioregions/bioregions-of-nsw  

State Government of New South Wales. (2022, June 24). The NSW vegetation classification framework. Environment and Heritage. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/biodiversity/nsw-bionet/the-nsw-vegetation-classification-framework 

O'Brien, A., & Gordon, A. (2024). Evaluation of averted loss gains under Victorian biodiversity offset policy. Conservation Science and Practice, e13070. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/csp2.13070 

Oliver, I., Dorrough, J., & Seidel, J. (2021). A new Vegetation Integrity metric for trading losses and gains in terrestrial biodiversity value. Ecological Indicators, 124, 107341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107341 

Pelucchi, M., Sali, J., Consalvi, L., and Paola, M. P. (2020). Biodiversity and Sensitive Areas Impact Prevention Along Project Lifecycle Through the Application of the Mitigation Hierarchy. SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.2118/199510-MS 

Skouloudis, A., Malesios, C., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2019). Corporate biodiversity accounting and reporting in mega-diverse countries: An examination of indicators disclosed in sustainability reports.

Ecological Indicators, 98, 888-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.060 

Singapore Youth Voices for Biodiversity. (n.d.). Biodiversity offsets as a conservation tool: A Singapore case study. Conservation finance mechanisms in the Singapore context. https://sgyouthvoicesbiod.com/biodiversity-offset/ 

Sobkowiak, M. (2023). The making of imperfect indicators for biodiversity: A case study of UK biodiversity performance measurement. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3133

The National Archives. (2023, December 1). Environment Act 2021.  Legislation.gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/30/schedule/14 

United Nations (n.d.). The 17 goals.‏‎ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Sustainable Development.  Retrieved January 2, 2024 from https://sdgs.un.org/goals 

United Nations (2023). The Sustainable Development Goals report 2023: Special edition. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/ 

Woon, J. (2023). Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity: a monitoring tool for biodiversity conservation efforts. In: Chan, L., Ng, D. and Lim, L.J. (eds), Handbook on Habitat Restoration: General Principles and Case Studies in Singapore, pp. 272–280. National Parks Board, Singapore. Available at https://www.nparks.gov.sg/docs/default-source/resources/2023/handbook-habitat-restoration-chapter23.pdf 

Yee, A.T.K. (2023). Habitat enhancement aided by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In: 

L. Chan, D. Ng, & L.J.Lim (Eds.), Handbook on habitat restoration: General principles and case studies in Singapore (pp. 281-284). National Parks Board, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/docs/default-source/resources/2023/handbook-habitat-restoration-chapter24.pdf 

zu Ermgassen, S. O. S. E., Marsh, S., Ryland, K., Church, E., Marsh, R., & Bull, J. W. (2021). Exploring the ecological outcomes of mandatory biodiversity net gain using evidence from early-adopter jurisdictions in England. Conservation Letters, 14, e12820. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12820