Structural Racism
The following are some commonly used measures of Structural racism/discrimination.
City Stress Inventory (CIS)
Description: Self-report measure designed to assess exposure to violence and perceived neighborhood disorder
Sources:
Ewart, C. K., & Suchday, S. (2002). Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: development and validation of a Neighborhood Stress Index. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 21(3), 254–262.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.21.3.254 .
Brown Access here. Note the City Stress Inventory is located in the Appendix on Page 262.
Modified version by Bowleg et al.:
Bowleg, L., Neilands, T.B., Tabb, L.P. et al. Neighborhood Context and Black Heterosexual Men’s Sexual HIV Risk Behaviors. AIDS Behav 18, 2207–2218 (2014).
Dissimilarity Index
Description: Measure on the relative separation or integration of different groups across all neighborhoods within a city or metropolitan area
Links: Census Dissimilarity Index
William H. Frey and Dowell Myers' analysis of Census 2000; and the Social Science Data Analysis Network (SSDAN).
Delta and Isolation Indexes
Description: The delta index measures the proportion of minority residents living in areas with an above average density of minority residents, and the isolation index measures the extent to which minority residents are only exposed to other minority residents
Link: https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html
Redlining Index
Note that this is just one example that exists. This can also be done through GIS.
Description: Visual map of redlining done by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), making it difficult for residents in different areas to secure mortgage funding and become homeowners.
Link: https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/41.767/-71.418&city=providence-ri
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status (NSES Index) by Census Tract, 2011-2015
Description: Map showing socioeconomic status for each census tract compiled from the Census 2011-2015 American Community Survey.
Link: https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=c9fcad275db846838e747e417a66ca7a
Source:
Miles, Jeremy and Weden, Margaret; Lavery, Diana; Escarce, José; Kathleen Cagney; Shih, Regina. 2016. “Constructing a Time-Invariant Measure of the Socio-Economic Status of U.S. Census Tracts.” Journal of Urban Health, vol. 93, issue no.1, pp. 213-232.
Brown Access here.
Block Environmental Inventory
Description: Measure of the physical environment of urban residential blocks (such as social disorder and vulnerability)
Link: https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-my/wp-content/uploads/sites/249/2011/09/14092958/RBEI.docx
State Racism Index
Description: Measure of structural racism at the state level comprising five dimensions: residential segregation; gaps in incarceration rates; educational attainment; economic indicators; and employment status
Source:
Mesic A, Franklin L, Cansever A, Potter F, Sharma A, Knopov A, Siegel M. The Relationship Between Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the State Level. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018 Apr;110(2):106-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.12.002.
Brown Access here.