Interpersonal Racism
The following are some commonly used measures of Interpersonal racism/discrimination.
The Everyday Discrimination Scale
Description: Measure to assess day-to-day experiences of discrimination
Williams, D.R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J.S., and Anderson, N.B. “Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socioeconomic Status, Stress, and Discrimination.” Journal of Health Psychology. 1997; 2(3):335-351.
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Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS)
Description: Scale measuring the five racism-related constructs of experiences of racism, emotional responses, behavioral responses, past experiences of racism, and concern for child(ren)
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886583/
Vines, A. I., McNeilly, M. D., Stevens, J., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Baird, M., & Baird, D. D. (2001). Development and reliability of a Telephone-Administered Perceived Racism Scale (TPRS): a tool for epidemiological use. Ethnicity & disease, 11(2), 251–262. Brown Access here.
The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS)
Description: Scale that uses 45 items to measure the frequency of racial and ethnic microaggressions over 6-months Likert-type scale
Source:
Nadal, K. L. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): Construction, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025193.
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Intersectional Discrimination Index
Description: Measure of day-to-day, major, and anticipated discrimination
Source:
Scheim, A. I., & Bauer, G. R. (2019). The Intersectional Discrimination Index: Development and validation of measures of self-reported enacted and anticipated discrimination for intercategorical analysis. Social science & medicine (1982), 226, 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.016
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Assessing Intersectional Microaggressions
Source:
Singh, R. S., Bhambhani, Y., Skinta, M. D., & Torres-Harding, S. R. (2021). Measurement of intersectional microaggressions: Conceptual barriers and recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(5), 956-971.
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Major Experiences of Discrimination Measure (NSAL and SASH version)
Description: Measure of perceived acute and chronic racial and non-racial experiences of discrimination
Sources:
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/davidrwilliams/files/measuring_discrimination_resource_june_2016.pdf
Williams, D.R., González, H.M., Williams, S., Mohammed, S.A., Moomal, H, Stein, D.J. “Perceived Discrimination, Race and Health in South Africa: Findings from the South Africa Stress and Health Study.” Social Science and Medicine, 2008; 67: 441-452.
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Chronic Work Discrimination and Harassment Measure (YES Study version)
Description: Measure of racial and non-racial discrimination and harassment experienced at work in the last 12 months
Sources:
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/davidrwilliams/files/measuring_discrimination_resource_june_2016.pdf
David R. Williams, Dolly A. John, Daphna Oyserman, John Sonnega, Selina A. Mohammed, and James S. Jackson, 2012: Research on Discrimination and Health: An Exploratory Study of Unresolved Conceptual and Measurement Issues. American Journal of Public Health 102, 975_978, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300702
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Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black Women
Description: Measure development and validation for gendered racial microaggressions for Black Women (Assumptions of Beauty and Sexual Objectification, Silenced and Marginalized, Strong Black Woman Stereotype, and Angry Black Woman Stereotype)
Source:
Lewis JA, Neville HA. Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women. J Couns Psychol. 2015 Apr;62(2):289-302. doi: 10.1037/cou0000062. PMID: 25867696
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Multiple Discrimination Scale (MDS)
Description: measure of discrimination (sexual orientation, HIV, racial) developed with a sample of Black/African American MSM living with HIV
Source:
Bogart LM, Landrine H, Galvan FH, Wagner GJ, Klein DJ. Perceived discrimination and physical health among HIV-positive Black and Latino men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013 May;17(4):1431-41. doi: 10.1007/s10461-012-0397-5. PMID: 23297084; PMCID: PMC3631464.
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Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version (Brief PEDQ-CV)
Description: The PEDQ-CV can be used across ethnic groups to assess perceived racism or ethnic discrimination. The scales measure several subdimensions of racism, permitting the examination of different forms of this race-related stressor.
Brondolo E, Kelly KP, Coakley V, Gordon T, Thompson S, Levy E, Cassells A, Tobin JN, Sweeney M, Contrada RJ. The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: development and preliminary validation of a community version 1. Journal of applied social psychology. 2005 Feb;35(2):335-65.
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Negative Police Encounters and Avoidance
Description: Assessment of negative interactions with police
Source:
Lisa Bowleg, PhD, MA, Ana Maria del Río-González, PhD, MA, MS, Mary Mbaba, MPH, Cheriko A. Boone, MSW, MPH, and Sidney L. Holt, MA. Negative Police Encounters and Police Avoidance as Pathways to Depressive Symptoms Among US Black Men, 2015–2016.
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Police and Law Enforcement Scale
Description: Measure of police-based discrimination experiences
Source:
English D, Bowleg L, Del Río-González AM, Tschann JM, Agans RP, Malebranche DJ. Measuring Black men's police-based discrimination experiences: Development and validation of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2017 Apr;23(2):185-199. doi: 10.1037/cdp0000137. Epub 2017 Jan 12. PMID: 28080104; PMCID: PMC5783293.
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Perceived Racial Discrimination in Healthcare
Description: Includes a single and multi-item measure of personal discrimination in healthcare settings.
Hausmann, L. R., Kressin, N. R., Hanusa, B. H., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2010). Perceived racial discrimination in health care and its association with patients' healthcare experiences: does the measure matter?. Ethnicity & disease, 20(1), 40.
Brown Access here.