One of the great things about jazz is that once you learn the chords and modes, you will find that chords fit together in patterns, and these patterns are pretty easy to learn. It just takes practice!

The first and easiest chord progression to learn is the 12 bar major blues progression. 

Once you have the major blues progression mastered, the minor is pretty easy. Just substitute minor chords.

Then when you use your blues scale, the minor 3rd will sound even better because of the minor chords.

The ii/V7/I progression

The ii/V7/I progression is one of the basic building blocks of jazz progressions. You can find these progressions in many songs, and in many different variations. So if you can learn this progression, you will start noticing it in many different songs, and you will take a large step toward becoming fluent in soloing. 

Also, soloing over ii/V7s are actually very easy because they are often 2 measures or 4 measures long, and for as long as they last, you are essentially in the key of the I chord that the progression is attempting to land on. Knowing this fact allows the soloist to use less brain power because you will know exactly what key you are playing in for an extended period of time. 

The ii/V7/I progression uses modes to help the soloist stay within the key signature, but also to emphasize different notes within the key signature to produce the sound of passing chords. So, to become fluent, the solosit needs to first think Dorian in the key of the I chord, then Mixolydian in the key of the I chord. This means that if you are in the key of Bb, you would use C Dorian to solo over the ii chord. C Dorian is C to C in the key of Bb because you start the mode on the 2nd note of the I chord. Then you would use F Mixolydian to solo over the V7 chord. F Mixolydian is F to F in the key of Bb because you start the mode on the 5th note of the I chord.

Once you become comfortable with the ii/V7/I progression, you will start to see ii/V7 progressions in songs without the I chord. This is okay, you can still use the Dorian and Mixolydian modes from the I chord that is not there!