Here we consider the idea and doctrine of Christ’s descent into Hell for those three days, while his body was in the tomb between his crucifixion and resurrection. This is an historical Christian teaching, noted by the Apostles Creed and taught by many other creeds and individuals. Is it Biblical and if so, what does it mean? The scriptures will tell us what we need to know.
First we look at the scriptures below. These are the scriptures many use to make or break this historical teaching. Some of these verses may have nothing to do with it whatsoever, I only include them so they are here to be considered weather they support, refute or have nothing to do with the subject at hand.
“Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it. For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope: Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance. Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day. Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne; He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear. For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Until I make thy foes thy footstool. Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ. Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call.” - Acts 2:23-39 (also see Psalm 16:10)
“For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit: By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ:” - Peter 3:18-21 (Also 1 Peter 4:5-6, and Ephesians 4:8-10.)
“For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment:” -Hebrews 9:26-27
These portions of scripture have been interpreted so many different ways. I am not going to even mention most of them. Some have said that Christ preached the gospel to those in Hell. They say he gave them another chance to repent. This is a dangerous unscriptural Lie. We know this is false for two reasons. First, we know from Hebrews 9:27 above (and from many other scriptures) that judgment comes after our time in this life in the flesh. When we die the time is past for repentance and accepting Jesus Christ. This “second chance” teaching is akin to the false teaching of Universalism (that all men will eventually be saved), which undermines the entire Gospel message and denies scripture.
Now here someone might argue “but those who lived and died before Christ never knew the Gospel, so they could not be saved until Christ preached it to them.”
The argument in the Paragraph above is not true for many reasons. Christ is the author of Salvation (Hebrews 5:9, 12:2). Christ was from the beginning (John 1:1-14, Hebrews 1:1-3,Genesis 1:26) Jesus said in John 14:6 “I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.” Jesus Christ did not “become” the way, the truth, and the life, he Always Was, Is, and Forever Will Be the way, the truth, and the life. NoticeRomans 3:21-31 especially verse 25. The prophets knew long before Christ’s Death and Resurrection that they would come to pass, and that through Christ our Saviour Salvation would be manifested. They looked forward by faith to the future coming of the messiah and trusted him to be their Saviour. See Acts 3:18-24, Deuteronomy 18:15-19, John 1:45, Genesis 49:10. Notice inRevelation 13:8 that “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.” It was in the plan of God from the very beginning that Christ was to die for the elects sake; that through Christ’s death the wrath of God upon all men who accept Christ as Lord and Saviour might be assuaged. Seeing that all men have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God, that the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord (Romans 3:23, Romans 6:23, John 3:18, Ephesians 1:4, 1 Peter 1:18-20). Also see these related posts Gospel, Repentance, They Should Have Known and Works? Faith? Repentance? Old testament Salvation?
Based on the verses in Acts 2:21-31, I believe it is clear that Christ did go to Hell before he was resurrected. Perhaps he went there to better taste death for us (Hebrews 2:9), and as part of the requirement of appeasing God’s wrath, that we may be forgiven. Perhaps Christ had to experience the Hell that was for us to fully take the punishment that would have been for us, in order that we may be free from it as we place our faith in him. More specifically, as Christ became sin for us on the cross (2 Corinthians 5:21, 1 John 2:2) he was forsaken by God (Matthew 27:46, Mark 15:34,Psalm 22:1), since God is too holy to look upon such great sin (Habakkuk 1:13). So then the reason for his going to Hell was the result of being momentarily forsaken of God (Isaiah 53:10). But one thing is clear, the shedding of his blood is what has made the remission of our sins possible (Matthew 26:28, Hebrews 9:22-28).
Whether or not Christ preached the Gospel there is another question. If he did it was not done in any sense which would allow those dead to be converted. Rather it was done (as a testimony against them) in the sense of Christ merely allowing them to be witnesses of the salvation available through him, which they no longer had any hope of receiving because of their past rejection of God and righteousness.
Now there is someone who may point out Luke 23:43 and claim that Christ could not have gone to Hell because he said to that one malefactor “To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.” This is really no problem at all seeing that Christ is God and capable of being in more than one place at one time. Also, time itself is not really a factor. Time in the sight of God is much different than the way we view time (Psalm 90:4, 2 Peter 3:8). We cannot really understand this or many other things, but there are things we are not to know and this should not trouble us. For we walk by faith not by sight (2 Corinthians 5:7).
So, yes Christ did descend to Hell, what exactly this means, and what exactly he did there is (in my mind) not possible to fully understand. But we are ensured of many things, three of which are mentioned below.
1. After we die it is too late to repent and accept Christ.
2. If we are saved and endure to the finish we can be sure that we shall immediately be present with the Lord upon the death of our earthly body.
3. The shedding of the blood of Christ is what has made the remission of our sins possible.
Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates? - 2 Corinthians 13:5
Take heed unto thyself, and unto the doctrine; continue in them: for in doing this thou shalt both save thyself, and them that hear thee. - 1 Timothy 4:16
Therefore we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord: (For we walk by faith, not by sight:) We are confident, I say, and willing rather to be absent from the body, and to be present with the Lord. Wherefore we labour, that, whether present or absent, we may be accepted of him. For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad. - 2 Corinthians 5:6-10
Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain.And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible.I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air:But I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. - 1 Corinthians 9:24-27
I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. - 2 Timothy 4:7-8
Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. - Hebrews 12:1-2
For more information on Christ’s descent into Hell I would refer the reader to Calvin’s Institutes Book 2 chapter 16, sections 8-12, and also to Matthew Poole’s Commentary.
Perhaps the video below explains this well, it also relates to