References

Web Readings

• Biomass Charcoal – Duke Wiki: Detailed hands on charcoal experiments from the kids at duke

  • https://wiki.duke.edu/display/engineerswithoutborders/Biomass+Charcoal

• Biochar Discussion List Web Site – A site with links for productions from leaves and sawdust

  • http://biochar.bioenergylists.org/makingcharcoal

• Adam-Retort - “cheap” retort kiln made of bricks with a few links

  • http://www.biocoal.org/3.html

• ASTM Standard D 1762‐84 - Standard method for moister, volatiles, and ash

  • http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/astmd1762

• Industrial Charocal Making - A great read on industrial charcoal making

  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5555E/x5555e02.htm

• Simple Technologies for Charcoal Making – A great read on simple and traditional methods for charcoal making

  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5328e/x5328e00.htm

• Amy Smith’s D-Lab at MIT-established program for biocharcoal

  • http://d-lab.mit.edu/

Academic Readings

• Review of methods for improving the yield of charcoal from biomass

Michael Jerry Antal, Jr William S.L. Mok, Gabor Varhegyi, and Tamas Szekely

Energy &Fuels 1990 4(3),221-225

• Biomass to Charcoal, Liquid, Gaseous Products Via Carbonization Process

Demirbas Ayhan

Energy Sources, Volume 23, Number 6, 1 July 2001, 579-587(9)

• Pyrolysis Parameters Influencing the Bio-Char Generation From Wooden Biomass

Cora Gheorghe, Cosmin Marculescu, Adrian Badea, and Tiberiu Apostol

U.P.B. Sci Bull.,Series C, Vol. 72, Iss 1, 2010

Instructional Videos

• History of Making Charcoal

  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0HW4qk8dv4&feature=related

• Traditional Steel Drum Method of Home Made Charcoal

  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIuXBFLIXyw

• How to Make Charcoal on small scale

  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otVhpDSbHZk

• Amy Smith’s D-Lab Making Charcoal and Briquettes

  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqI63IEg3MM

Suggested Future Development

• Costa Rico Fully Implemented Biocharcoal Facility- to bring everything together to one operational system with advance feedback of flammable pyrolysis gases into combustion chamber- VERY ADVANCED

  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZD6hrVhZGc