Web Readings
Biomass Charcoal – Duke Wiki: Detailed hands on charcoal experiments from the kids at duke
Biochar Discussion List Web Site – A site with links for productions from leaves and sawdust
Adam-Retort - “cheap” retort kiln made of bricks with a few links
ASTM Standard D 1762‐84 - Standard method for moister, volatiles, and ash
http://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/astmd1762
Industrial Charocal Making - A great read on industrial charcoal making
Simple Technologies for Charcoal Making – A great read on simple and traditional methods for charcoal making
Low Cost Retort Kiln- making a more advance retort with lower costs
Academic Readings
Review of methods for improving the yield of charcoal from biomass
Michael Jerry Antal, Jr William S.L. Mok, Gabor Varhegyi, and Tamas Szekely
Energy &Fuels 1990 4(3),221-225
Biomass to Charcoal, Liquid, Gaseous Products Via Carbonization Process
Demirbas Ayhan
Energy Sources, Volume 23, Number 6, 1 July 2001, 579-587(9)
Pyrolysis Parameters Influencing the Bio-Char Generation From Wooden Biomass
Cora Gheorghe, Cosmin Marculescu, Adrian Badea, and Tiberiu Apostol
U.P.B. Sci Bull.,Series C, Vol. 72, Iss 1, 2010