Transtheoretical Model of Change

DEVELOPERS

James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente (1983); Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross (1992); Prochaska & Velicer (1997)

BACKGROUND

Also referred to as Transtheoretical Model (TTM); Transtheoretical Model of Intentional Behavior Change (TTM); Stages of Change Model

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is a theory of behavioral change processes stating " that intentional behavior change is a process occurring in a series of stages, rather than a single event ... Motivation is required for the focus, effort and energy needed to move through the stages." Note: references to 'self-regulation theory'. (Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S., 2002).

Prochaska refers to nine elements pertaining to behavior change: commitment, consciousness raising, counter conditioning, emotional arousal, environmental control, helping relationships, reward, self evaluation and social liberation,

The stages of change include:

• Pre-contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Termination

Transtheoretical Model overview and detailed overview - "The central organizing construct of the model is the Stages of Change. The model also includes a series of independent variables, the Processes of Change, and a series of outcome measures, including the Decisional Balance and the Temptation scales. The Processes of Change are ten cognitive and behavior activities that facilitate change "

Key constructs: pros and cons as part of Decisional Balance measures

Core constructs: Stages of Change (organizing framework for the other dimensions)

Theoretical Perspectives:

• Boyd and Myers (1988) - Theory of Transformative Education
• Brug et. al. (2005) - critique and reference to Goal
• Achievement Theory, Model of Action Phases and cites the Theory of Planned Behavior (an extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action).
• Consolvo, McDonald,and Landay (2009) - draw on Goal-Setting Theory, the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life ("addresses the social interactions that individuals manage daily"), and Cognitive Dissonance Theory ("describes what happens when an individual realizes that her behaviors and attitudes are inconsistent") to "propose design strategies for persuasive technologies that help people who want to change their everyday behaviors ... technologies that motivate behavior change in everyday life that specifically account for the intersection of the technology with the individual’s social world."
• Mezirow (1978) - Transformational Learning Theory (TLT) see also Transformative Learning Centre
• Moore (2005) - attempts to integrate the Transtheoretical Model of the Stages of Change with Transformational Learning Theory (TLT) "to explain the process of transformational, or emancipatory, change."

Relationship to Other Theories:

• Cognitive Dissonance Theory. "Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggests that a persuasive technology to encourage lifestyle behavior change should address whichever factors may prevent the individual from incorporating the change into her everyday life (i.e., by helping her change her behavior to match her attitudes)."
• Goal-Setting Theory.
• I-Change Model (Integrated Model) "explaining motivational and behavioral change is derived from the Attitude – Social influence – self-Efficacy Model, that can be considered as an integration of ideas of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior, Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Model, the Health Belief Model, and Goal setting theories. Previous versions of this model (referred to as the ASE-model) have been used to explain a variety of types of health behaviour."
• Self-Efficacy Theory: According to the TTM: Self-Efficacy / Situational Temptation - "Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977) conceptualizes a person's perceived ability to perform on a task as a mediator of performance on future tasks. A change in the level of self-efficacy can predict a lasting change in behavior if there are adequate incentives and skills. The Transtheoretical model employs an overall confidence score to assess an individual's self-efficacy. Situational temptations assess how tempted people are to engage in a problem behavior in a certain situation."

Other Findings and Implications:

• Challenges to the Model - West (2005)
• Defense of the Model - Prochaska (2006)

REFERENCES ~ Coding Spreadsheet - Web View

• Aziz, Azizi Ab (2008). Ambient agents and behavioral change interventions: the outreach. Agent Systems Research Group, WAI (powerpoint presentation) [digital artifacts]
• Boyd, Robert D., and Myers, J. Gordon. (1988). Transformative Education. International Journal of Lifelong Education 7, no. 4 (October-December 1988): 261-284.
• Brug J, Conner M, Harré N, Kremers S, McKellar S, Whitelaw S. (2005). The Transtheoretical Model and stages of change: a critique: observations by five commentators on the paper by Adams, J. and White, M. (2004) why don't stage-based activity promotion interventions work? Health Educ Res. 2005 Apr;20(2):244-58.
• Consolvo, Sunny, McDonald, David, Landay, James L. (2009). Theory-driven design strategies for technologies that support behavior change in everyday life. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems. [conference version]
• Hi, Helen Ai, Greenberg, Saul, Huang, Elaine M. (2010). One size does not fit all: applying the transtheoretical model to energy feedback technology design. CHI 2010, April 10–15, 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
• Hi, Helen Ai, Greenberg, Saul, Huang, Elaine M. (2009). One size does not fit all: applying the transtheoretical model to energy feedback technology design. Report 2009-943-22, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4. September.
• Imel, Susan (1998). Transformative learning in adulthood. ERIC Digest No. 200.
• Kitchenham, Andrew (2008). The evolution of John Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory. [abstract] Journal of Transformative Education, 6(2):104-123.
• Mezirow, Jack. (1981). A critical theory of adult learning and education. Adult Education 32:3-23.
• Mezirow, Jack. (2000). Learning as transformation: critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
• Mezirow, Jack. (1978). Perspective Transformation. Adult Education 28: 100-110.
• Mezirow, Jack. (1991) Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1991.
• Mezirow, Jack. (1995). Transformation Theory of Adult Learning." In In Defense of the lifeworld, edited by M. R. Welton, pp. 39-70. New York: SUNY Press, 1995.
• Mezirow, Jack. (1997) Transformative Learning: Theory to Practice. In Transformative learning in action: insights from practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, No. 74, edited by P. Cranton, pp. 5-12. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Summer 1997.
• Mezirow, J. (1994). Understanding transformation theory. Adult Education Quarterly, 44(4), 222-232.
• Miller, William R., Rollnick, Stephen. (2002). Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change [preview] (2nd Ed). New York: Guilford Press.
• Moore, Mitchell J. (2005). The Transtheoretical Model of the Stages of Change and the Phase of Transformative Learning: comparing two theories fo transformational change. [abstract] Journal of Transformative Education 3(4):394-415.
• Prochaska J.O. (1979). Systems of psychotherapy: a transtheoretical analysis. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
• Prochaska J.O. and DiClemente C.C. (1982). Trans-theoretical therapy - toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 19(3):276-288.
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390-395.
• Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behavior. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114.
• Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W.F. (1997). The Transtheoretical Model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 38-48.
• Prochaska, Janice, M., Prochaska, James O., Leveque, Deborah A. (2001). A transtheoretical approach to changing organizations. [abstract] Administration and Policy in Mental Health., 28(4):247-261.
• Prochaska James O, Redding C.A, Evers K.E. (2002). The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In K Glanz, FM Lewis & B Rimer, eds. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers. Pp 99-120.
• Prochaska, James O. (2006). Further commentaries on West (2005): Moving beyond the transtheoretical model. Addiction, 101(6):768-774.
• Prochaska, J., Wright, J., & Velicer, W.. (2008). Evaluating Theories of Health Behavior Change: A Hierarchy of Criteria Applied to the Transtheoretical Model. Applied Psychology, 57(4), 561-588.
• West, Robert (2006). The transtheoretical model of behavior change and the scientific method. Addiction, 101(6):768-778.
• West, Robert (2005). Time for a change: putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Editorial. Addiction. Society for the Study of Addiction.