Farrag el-Fellah

Hydrogen Transport

Introduction

“A hydrogen vehicle is a car that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine , or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors”^[1].

This will be my research on the widespread of hydrogen use transport and how it will help the economic and global environment in Ireland. I will be researching the different type of hydrogen engines and the different car companies that are testing this method.

Many companies are working to develop technologies that might lead to efficient use of hydrogen energy potential of mobile applications. Attraction of using hydrogen as an energy currency, if it is prepared hydrogen without using fossil fuel inputs, the propulsion module would not contribute to CO2 emissions. Disadvantages of using hydrogen are low energy content per unit volume, high pressure tanks, weights, a very high volume, storage and transport of liquid or gaseous hydrogen positions in vehicles, and large investments in infrastructure that will be required to fuel vehicles, inefficient production processes. In this research we will see the different car companies and how this is been implemented on buses for public transport in Ireland.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen does not come as a source already exists for energy such as fossil fuels, but produced first and then stored as a carrier, much like a battery. Hydrogen is used for the car needs to be produced using renewable energy sources or non-renewable. There is a proposal for large-scale deployment of hydrogen vehicles that it could lead to lower emissions of greenhouse gases, ozone precursors.

In accordance with the United States Department of energy hydrogen production from natural gas leads to some greenhouse gas emissions. However, if compared with ICE vehicles using gasoline, fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen produced from natural gas to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60%. While it would be more sustainable, renewable energy is currently only a small proportion of energy generated, you can use the energy produced from renewable energy sources in electric cars and vehicle applications, hydrogen production methods that do not use fossil fuels.

Challenges include facing the use of hydrogen in vehicle production, storage, transport and distribution. Given all these challenges, the efficiency of the well-to-wheel hydrogen is less than 25%

Storage

Volumetric energy density of hydrogen is very low in the circumstances, and even about one third of methane. Even when the liquid hydrogen fuel is stored in a tank of refrigerated storage tank or compressed hydrogen, volumetric energy density (megajoules per liter) are small compared to gasoline. Hydrogen has three times the highest energy density by mass compared to gasoline (143 MJ/kg versus 46.9 MJ/kg).

Some research has been done into using special crystalline materials to store hydrogen at greater intensity and when pressures are lower. A recent study showed the Dutch researcher Robin grimaod has shown that metal hydride hydrogen tanks that actually 40 to 60 percent lighter than the equivalent energy battery pack for electric car allows greater scope for cars H2. In 2011, found scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of Alabama, and worked with the United States Department of energy, a new single-stage ammonia to recharge, hydrogen storage compound of Bern. [3][4]

Fuel cell

The fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy from fuel to electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. The most common fuel hydrogen, but the use of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, alcohols such as methanol at times. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen, but can produce electricity continuously for as long as you provide these inputs.

fuel cell diagram [5]

“Welsh Physicist William Grove developed the first crude fuel cells in 1839. The first commercial use of fuel cells was in NASA space programs to generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are used to power fuel cell vehicles, including automobiles, buses, forklifts, airplanes, boats, motorcycles and submarines.” [5]

block diagram [5]

BMW Hydrogen 7

BMW Hydrogen 7 car hydrogen production is a limited production was built by German automobile manufacturer BMW. Car based on BMW's traditional gasoline powered 7-series line of vehicles, and more specifically the 760Li. uses engine 6 l V 12 itself as does the 760i and 760Li; however, had also been amended to allow combustion of hydrogen, as well as gasoline, making bivalent engine. Unlike many other current hydrogen powered vehicles such as those produced by Honda, General Motors and Daimler AG-using fuel cell technology and hydrogen to produce electricity to power the vehicle-BMW Hydrogen burn hydrogen in an internal combustion engine.

BMW Hydrogen 7 car [7]

Production

BMW claims the Hydrogen 7 is the “world’s first production-ready hydrogen vehicle”; thus far, the Hydrogen 7 has only been released to select high-profile leasees. Only 100 total vehicles have been produced to put their technology to the test, and no more are planned to be produced.[3] BMW says it chose public figures such as politicians, media figures, businessmen and big names in the entertainment industry such as 2007 Academy Award-winning director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck and the chairman of Sixt AG, Erich Sixt, because “they would be ideal ambassadors” for hydrogen fuel and can help spread awareness of the need for such technologies.[6]

Fuel Consumption Table for the BMW Hydrogen 7[7]

However, there is doubt over whether or not these cars ever be put in production, even if hydrogen fuel technology economical feasibility point and ' green ', as well as the necessary infrastructure to develop hydrogen vehicles in demand. The hydrogen 7 uses more fuel than many trucks, consuming 13.9 l 100 km for gasoline (petrol) and 50 100 km for hydrogen. The following table shows the consumption (litres/100 km) fuel economy (mpg) to imperial gallons and the United States.

The difference in fuel consumption was largely due to the different energy density with gasoline (petrol) achieved 34.6 MJ/l liquid hydrogen yielding 10.1 ' based on ' MJ/l. on these numbers of energy intensity, expect 47.6 L/100 km for hydrogen based on 13.9 L/100 km for gasoline (petrol); it is very close to the advertiser for 50.0/ L/100 km using hydrogen in internal combustion engine as source energy inefficient as fuel cell technologies; however, this is an existing scheme Production (albeit limited) now.

However, hydrogen fuel (whether converted to energy in fuel cells or internal combustion engines burned) is not green as it may seem, particularly so when you think also that the production of liquid hydrogen requires bostos quantities of energy. (Unless, however, the energy to produce hydrogen via renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind electrolyzation suffix is a method of production). Also will only be more expensive than sister 760Li (no retail price announced), which is BMW's biggest and most expensive sedan, with a price tag of more than $ 118,000, thus reducing further widespread appeal. As of November, 2006, there were only 5 filling stations in the entire world that supports technology filling BMW, strengthening obstacles to making this car worthwhile.

The hydrogen tank on the BMW [7]

BMW Hydrogen 7 uses hydrogen as fuel is different from the type of fuel cell vehicles. When you are in the development of hydrogen, hydrogen injects directly into the air intake manifold vehicle is combusted per cylinder engine rather than converting the hydrogen energy electricity to run the electric motors such as fuel cell. BMW says that more efficient use of hydrogen. As you can easily switch between hydrogen and gasoline at the touch of a button on the steering wheel car, and of course will do so automatically when one runs out of fuel.

Hydrogen fuel is stored in large, approximately (10 liters), dual layers and very insulated tank that stores liquid fuel instead of compressed gas, which BMW says offers 75% energy per volume as a liquid than compressed gas at 700 bars of pressure hydrogen tank insulation. under high vacuum in order to keep the heat transfer to hydrogen to minimum, reportedly equivalent to (17 m) thick wall of polystyrene styrofoam.

To stay liquid, hydrogen must be super-cooled and maintenance in cold temperatures, at warmest, trivialization of -253 degrees Celsius −253 °C (−423.4 °F). Hydrogen 7’s hydrogen tank starts to warm and the hydrogen starts to vaporize. The tank safely once the internal pressure reaches 87 PSi, at roughly 17 hours of non-use, the tank will safely vent the building pressure. D Over 10–12 days, just lose the contents of the tank for this reason

Specifications

Hydrogen engine [7]

The car is powered by a 6.0 litre V12 engine capable of running on both premium gasoline and hydrogen fuel. It is rated at 191-kilowatt (260 PS; 256 hp) and 390 N·m (290 ft·lbf) of torque using either fuel. The car accelerates from stopped to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 9.5 seconds. The hydrogen fuel tank holds roughly 8 kg (18 lb) of hydrogen, enough to travel 125 miles (201 km). The gasoline fuel tank holds 19.5 gallons, enough to travel 300 miles (480 km) for a combined total of over 400 miles (640 km) at cruising speeds. The Hydrogen 7 gets about 5.6 mpg-imp (50 L/100 km; 4.7 mpg-US) on hydrogen (by comparison Honda's FCX Clarity gets 81 mpg-imp (3.5 L/100 km; 67 mpg-US)) and 16.9 mpg-imp (16.7 L/100 km; 14.1 mpg-US) on gasoline. The curb weight of the Hydrogen 7 is roughly 550 pounds (250 kg) heavier than the 760Li, bringing it to about 5,100 pounds (2,300 kg).[7]

Honda FCX Clarity

The Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel cell car manufactured by Honda. Design based on the 2006 Honda FCX concept. Demonstrates the FCX Clarity electric car qualities such as zero emissions while providing accurate 5 times refueling and far-reaching in the car, great post. First, it went on sale as a 2008 model year.

Honda FCX [9]

Since the vehicle's unveiling in November 2007, there were nearly 80,000 people around the world who expressed interest, according to Honda.[9] Production was reported to begin in June 2008.[10]The first five customers of the fuel cell vehicle were announced on June 19, 2008, and delivery of the first vehicle in the United States around July. It was introduced in Japan in November 2008. One of the first FCX Clarity customers was a return customer of a first-generation Honda FCX who has leased that vehicle since 2005. According to Honda, he previously was the first retail customer of a hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicle in the world. Current leases may be offered a renewal when the current leases expire, though the renewal period is not yet decided.[9]

There were reports that previous generation fuel-cell cars from Honda cost more than $1 million to build in 2005. Some estimated that Honda had cut its production costs to between $120,000 and $140,000 per vehicle.[8]

Specifications

The car’s electrical power comes from 100 kW fuel cell stack hydrogen Honda ' vertical flow (flow v) whereby electricity is supplied on request. As in any electric car, motor/generator of waste energy from braking and deceleration and stored in lithium ion battery 288V.

The electric motor is based on the motor in the EV Plus, rated at 134 horsepower (100 kW) and 189 lb·ft (256 N·m) torque @0-3056 rpm. It provides quiet, steady acceleration and high torque.[10] The range on a full hydrogen tank (4.1 kg @ 5000psi) is EPA certified at 240 miles (~386 km).[10] The vehicle is estimated to get about 77 miles (123.9 km) per kilogram hydrogen in the city, 67 miles (107.8 km) per kilogram highway and 72 miles (115.9 km) per kilogram in combined driving.[9]

Mercedes-Benz F-Cell

The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle developed by Daimler AG. Two different versions are known - the previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and the new model is based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The first generation F-Cell was introduced in 2002, and had a range of 100 miles (160 km), with a top speed of 82 mph (132 km/h). The current B-Class F-CELL has a more powerful electric engine rated at 100 kW (134 horsepower), and a range of about 250 miles (402 km).

The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cells developed by Daimler AG. Known different versions-previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A Class, and the new model Mercedes-Benz b-class. First-generation cell and launched in 2002, a group of 100 miles (160 kilometers), with a maximum speed of 82 mph (132 km/h). Cell and b-current category has more powerful electric engine rated at 100 kW (134 HP) and a range of about 250 miles (402 km).

This improvement in the range is due in part to the larger B-Class for holding tanks of compressed hydrogen and higher storage pressure, as well as advances in fuel cell technology. Make all cars using the ' sandwich ' design concept, the aimed at maximizing room for passengers and propulsion components. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cell (PEMFC), designed by a company (AFCC) vehicle fuel cell cooperation.

The F-Cell [12]

Buses[13]

In total, there are over 100 fuel cell buses, scattered around the world today. Most buses are UTC power, Toyota, Ballard, hidroginix, and engines of the Proton. Buses already have accumulated more UTC 970,000 km of driving. Fuel cell buses have higher fuel economy 30-141% than natural gas and diesel buses.Fuel cell buses have been deployed around the world, including the ' Canada Whistler ', San Francisco in the United States, Hamburg, Germany, China, Shanghai, London England, São Paulo Brazil as well as several authirsthi ' fuel cell bus Club ' a global collaborative effort in trial fuel cell buses. And notable projects include:

▪ 12 fuel cell bus in the Oakland region and the San Francisco Bay area of California.

▪ Daimler AG, with thirty-six experimental buses powered by fuel cells ' Ballard power system ' three-year trial completed successfully, in eleven cities, in January 2007

▪ A fleet of Thor buses with UTC Power fuel cells was deployed in California, operated by SunLine Transit Agency▪

This can be implemented in the future on public transport here in Ireland such as Dublin bus and Bus Eireann. Below you will see two example that are been tested and implemented in the different EU and Non-EU countries for public transport.

Mercedes-Benz Citaro Fuel Cell (2006)[14]

The Citaro Fuel Cell, the official name O 530 BZ and was in the presentation as Fuel CellBus and is the successor to the Nebus. So far built 37 vehicles (a prototype vehicles and 12x 3) demonstrated the suitability for daily use in nine European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Porto, Stockholm, Stuttgart) in the CUTE project and in Reykjavik in ECTOS project, and in Perth (Australia) Project STEP and UNEP in Beijing (China).

Mercedes-Benz Citaro Fuel Cell [14]

Mercedes-Benz Citaro Fuel Cell

The prototype was 2002. he vehicle is based on the Citaro with a stationary engine and three doors. he combustion engine was replaced by an asynchronous motor. The nine hydrogen tanks (1845 litre at 350 bar), the two fuel-cell stack from Ballard Power Systems and Electronics and fans are in a roof construction. At the UITP Congress 2003 in Madrid, the first bus from the series and the transport operators Madrid. The other European coaches followed in the same year. Perth 2004, the three buses and Beijing 2005.

After the project ended in 2006 rose CUTE Porto, Stockholm and Stuttgart. The other cities, the tests under the new project HyFLEET: CUTE until 2007. As part of this project over the Hamburg Hochbahn the buses from Stockholm and Stuttgart, so that there is now the largest fleet of nine fuel cell buses on the road[14]

MAN Lion's City (2006)[15]

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG and NEOMAN Bus GmbH put its commitment in early 2006 started EU project HyFLEET: CUTE to promote hydrogen technology consistently. With the official announcement of the "innovation program hydrogen and fuel cell technology" by federal Transport Minister Tiefensee, 30 October 2006 in Berlin, the Berlin BVG vehicles No. 3 and 4 in its fleet. The MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG believes that the support programme are an important element to the successful development of this technology in Germany and will continue both in hydrogen combustion technology as a bridge technology as well as fuel cell as a remote objective.

MAN Lion's City [15]

MAN Lion's City

In total, under the EU project HyFLEET: CUTE 14 buses of the type MAN Lion's City as Zweiachser with a hydrogen combustion engine on the Berlin BVG delivered and there until the end of the project beginning of 2009 tested in practice. These forward-looking and largely abgasfreie technology is a few years before her series. The fleet of 14 buses will be composed of the four buses now shipped with ICE naturally aspirated and another ten buses together with aufgeladenem turbo engines, and from the summer of 2007.The development of this approximately 200 kW strong turbocharged engine is one of the main objectives of the HyFLEET: CUTE project and an important milestone for the technology.

The first two vehicles have passed since the 2006 World Cup in June in use and now have about 20,000 kilometres. s part of the shuttle operation on the World Cup were over 10,000 passengers between the airport and the Olympic stadium with excellent consumption values promoted. In subsequent, largely smooth daily operations have already been helpful insights into the development of vehicles be won, it was against the diesel variants, an additional cooler retrofitted, the total higher combustion temperatures in the engine into account.[15]

Efficiency and cost

Advances in fuel cell technology has reduced the size, weight and cost of fuel cell electric vehicles were produced with fuel cell electric vehicles ' driving range of more than 250 miles between refueling. They can fuel in less than 5 minutes. Fuel cell buses deployed have higher fuel economy by 40% cent then diesel buses. Fuel cell technologies program for EERE alleges that, starting in 2011, achieving efficient fuel cells fuel cell electric vehicles 42 to 53 % in full power, and durability of over 75,000 miles with less than 10%, voltage degradation double achieved in 2006.

Professor Jeremy P. Meyers, in the Electrochemical Society journal Interface in 2008, wrote, "While fuel cells are efficient relative to combustion engines, they are not as efficient as batteries, due primarily to the inefficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction. ... [T]hey make the most sense for operation disconnected from the grid, or when fuel can be provided continuously. For applications that require frequent and relatively rapid start-ups ... where zero emissions are a requirement, as in enclosed spaces such as warehouses, and where hydrogen is considered an acceptable reactant, a [PEM fuel cell] is becoming an increasingly attractive choice [if exchanging batteries is inconvenient]".[17] The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimated that the cost of a fuel cell for an automobile in 2002 was approximately $275/kw, which translated into each vehicle costing more than 1 million dollars. [17]

In 2010, but the Department of energy estimates that costs have dropped 80% can be made such as fuel cells for $ 15/kW, large manufacturing savings in costs to the assumption. The cost of the operation of fuel cells for cars will remain high, however, so quantities produced combine economies of scale and very sophisticated supply chain. Until then, costs almost one larger goals of the Ministry of energy.

The economical Hydrogen future [18]

Reference:

[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle

[2]: F. Kreith, "Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy: A Critical Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Utilization" in Journal of Energy Resources Technology (2004)

[3]: ”Hydrazine fuels hydrogen power hopes.” ChemistryWorld.com, March 2011.

[4]: The Drive Toward Hydrogen Vehicles Just Got Shorter. ChemNews.com, March

[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell

[6]: BMW EfficientDynamics : BMW CleanEnergy : BMW AG

[7]: Coming soon: Hydrogen-powered BMW

[8]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Hydrogen_7

[9]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FCX_Clarity

[10]: "As Honda Ramps Up E.V.’s and Hybrids, Fuel Cell Program Lags". New York Times-Wheels blog. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

[11]: "Honda to Deliver 200 Fuel-Cell Autos Through 2011". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-05-09.

[12]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_F-Cell

[13]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_bus

[14]: http://www.hydrogen-motors.com/mercedes-benz-citaro-fuel-cell.html

[15]: http://www.hydrogen-motors.com/man.html

[16]:http://www.hydrogen-motors.com/hydrogen-buses.html

[17]: Meyers, Jeremy P. "Getting Back Into Gear: Fuel Cell Development After the Hype". The Electrochemical Society Interface, Winter 2008, accessed August 7, 2011

[18]: http://www.hydrogen-motors.com/hydrogen-economy.html