Key academic vocabulary
Academic Word List
The Academic Word List (AWL) contains 570 academic word families. These are general academic words, so aren't specific to a particular subject area.
What's a word family?
A word family is the root word, and all the words that are derived from it - nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs etc. The words are used in different ways, but all relate to the same basic meaning. See the Word building section below for help with understanding how word families are built.
For example:
- root: analyse (v)
- derived words: analysis (n), analyst (n), analyser (n), analytic (adj), analytical (adj), analytically (adv) + other verb forms, plurals & US spellings
AWL sublists
The AWL is split into 10 sublists, most of which contain 60 word families. These are organised by frequency - Sublist 1 has the most common words, followed by Sublist 2 etc. Many academic words have a very low frequency, so it's probably enough to learn only Sublists 1, 2, 3 and maybe 4.
- You can view the sublists online on the AWL sublist families website, or view Sublists 1 - 4 on the document below.
- Quizlet lists: Sublist 1 | Sublist 2 | Sublist 3 | Sublist 4
Word building: prefixes & suffixes
Word families are built by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to the root word to word alter the meaning (e.g., positive to negative) or change it into a different word form (e.g., noun to verb). Understanding prefixes and suffixes is therefore an efficient way to expand your academic vocabulary.
Prefixes
Prefixes go at the start of the word. They change the meaning, but usually don't change the word form.
Common prefixes
re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-
Examples
- cover (v) -> discover (v), uncover (v), recover (v)
- use (v/n) -> underuse (v/n), overuse (v/n), misuse (v/n), reuse (v/n)
Suffixes
Suffixes go at the end of the word. They usually change the word form as well as the meaning.
Common suffixes
-ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy, -ment, -ness, -(i)ty
Examples
- stable (adj) -> stabilise (v), stability (n)
- employ (v) -> employer (n), employment (n), employable (adj), employed (adj)
Words can be formed using both prefixes and suffixes, and words can have more than one prefix or suffix.
Examples
cover (v) -> unrecoverable (adj) | stable (adj) -> instability (n) | employ (v) -> unemployed (adj)
More detail & practice
See the UEfAP page on Affixes & Suffixes for a detailed list of the prefixes (which UEfAP call affixes) and suffixes used in academic English.
UEfAP also have Affixes & suffixes exercises for you to practice.
Subject-specific terminology
In addition to general academic vocabulary, you also need to know the specific terminology for your subject. These are the words that are only used in your subject, or have a special meaning in this context.
Reading
You can identify subject-specific terminology by reading about your topic. You can find these words in:
- lecture slides & notes
- course textbook & readings
- media related to your field
Subject lists
You can find lists of words that may be realted to your field:
- the EAP Foundation has word lists for many subjects
- list of prefixes & suffixes for science subjects
- Business English has word lists for business and management
Quizlet lists
- Pedagogical terms
- Science prefixes & suffixes
- Key science terminology
- go to Quizlet and search for your own subject
tinycards lists
- Marketing
- Introduction to economics
- Basic computer science
- go to tinycards and search for your own subject