How to Cultivate Reciprocity and Cooperation Among Students
By: Lana Kempton, M.Ed.
USG eCampus
Reciprocity, Cooperation, and Collaboration
Reciprocity is the exchange of activities, privileges, or things between people or groups of people for perceived mutual benefit (Gray, 2013).
Reciprocity is key to the very foundation of learning. Learning is a social experience and we must learn from one another as this is a primary way of how learning is accomplished - more on this later.
Cooperation is working together for perceived mutual benefit. In education, cooperation is where multiple tasks of a project are divided among team members, but each person works independently (Ekblaw, 2016). This is group learning – not collaboration.
As facilitators of learning, we need to foster cooperation among our students in order to accomplish the common goal – mastery of the subject.
So, how do we develop these relationships in an online course?
When reciprocity and cooperation are both present, collaboration happens. Collaboration can be defined as the association of a number of people in an enterprise for mutual benefits or profits. A collaboration is a piece of work that has been produced as a result of people or groups working together. True training in teamwork will come from collaboration, not cooperation (Ekblaw, 2016). “Cooperative learning is the pedagogical practice of structuring learning activities so that dyads, or small groups of students, work together in order to achieve the stated goal of the activity” (Madlan & Richards, 2016).
Learning Theory
Much research suggests that online learning requires a different pedagogical approach than the conventional classroom. However, according to Anderson (2008), three main schools of thought remain: behaviorist, cognitivist, and constructivist. The focus of this section will be constructivist learning theory, which suggests that learners actively interpret and process what is received through the senses to create knowledge. Constructivist learning is “higher-level thinking that promotes personal meaning, and situated and contextual learning” (Anderson 2008).
One way to facilitate constructivist learning is through collaborative and cooperative learning (Anderson 2008). According to Kennette & Hanzuk (2107), “Collaboration leads to greater retention, improved student achievement, and increased self-esteem and metacognition, and it can be used to facilitate active learning and to promote inclusion by increasing contact among diverse groups”. Humans are very social creatures with interactions being the key to their constructed knowledge. Therefore, social learning should play a vital role in education, even online (Hill 2009). Social learning states that people can learn from observation, imitation, and modeling (Nabavi 2012). Reciprocal teaching, or peer learning, is a common way to facilitate this in conjunction with project-based learning, where collaborative student work is presented to their peers.
The Challenges of Collaboration
The key to successful collaboration is project design and transparency. Many criteria need to be taken into account in order for students to experience success. Ku (2013) found that team dynamics, team acquaintance, and instructor support are highly correlated with teamwork satisfaction. The study also revealed that the majority of students surveyed found that they liked working in a collaborative setting and learned more this way. The research of Ku (2013), Chang (2013), and Capdeferro (2012), as well as the TILT Project, provide us with the following guidelines to overcome the challenges of collaboration:
Prior to Project Start
Present well-defined learning goals and objectives
Present a well-organized project-design rational
Gauge students level of understanding before collaboration begins and pair similar level students together with 4-6 in each group
Establish acquaintanceships between team members
Allow students to take control of their learning and communicate with their group
Provide examples of your expectations
Connect how people learn data to your course activities
Communicate the grading criteria
During Project
Establish team commitment
Provide interactive software resources
Encourage group synchronous meetings
Openly communicate and encourage communication
Offer timely resources
Final Stages
Engage students to apply your grading criteria to their work self/peer evaluation
Give students the freedom to determine their own roles in the group
Play an active role so you know if intervention is needed
Completion of Project
Review and provide feedback on graded items
Complete a summative evaluation of the learning activity
Review student feedback on their collaboration experience
Grade individuals on their work, not the group as a whole
According to Ekblaw (2016), the primary reasons for project failure are “disorganization, unclear objectives, separated or fragmented group members, lack of motivation, and conflicts among group members.” Students also have to overcome the following challenges:
Different schedules, work pace, and time zones
Impossible face-to-face opportunities
Secure file sharing
Different computer platforms or applications
Different file formats
References
Anderson, T. (2008). Theory and practice of online learning. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
Capdeferro, N., & Romero, M. (2012). Are online learners frustrated with collaborative learning experiences?. The International Review Of Research In Open And Distributed Learning, 13(2), 26-44. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i2.1127
Chang, B., & Kang, H. (2016). Challenges Facing Group Work Online. Distance Education, 37(1), 73–88.
Collins Dictionary | Definition, Thesaurus and Translations. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2018, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Ekblaw, R. (2016). Effective Use of Group Projects in Online Learning. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 9(3), 121–128. Retrieved from
Gray, D.(2013). Collaboration and reciprocity. Retrieved on March 25, 2019, from
Janette R. Hill, Liyan Song & Richard E. West (2009) Social Learning Theory and Web-Based Learning Environments: A Review of Research and Discussion of Implications, American Journal of Distance Education, 23:2, 88-103, DOI: 10.1080/08923640902857713
Kennette, L. N., Ph.D., & Hanzuk, W. (2017, May 01). Four Types of Group Work Activities to Engage Students. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/course-design-ideas/group-work-collaborative-activities/
Ku, H. (2013). Collaboration factors, teamwork satisfaction, and student attitudes toward online collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior., 29(3), 922-929.
Nabavi, R. T. (2012). Bandura’s social learning theory & social cognitive learning theory. Theory of Developmental Psychology. 1-24.
Neo, M. (2003). Developing a collaborative learning environment using a web-based design. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(4), 462–473.