U4: Cells & Immune System

March 12, 2018 PREDICTIONS

I think my body is able to fight off pathogens it encounters by... I think this because...

Dylan - Your body builds up an immunity to the things it encounters.

Jenna - I think that when your body is introduced to pathogens it knows how to fight them off. It knows it's not good. It knows it's not supposed to be there so it attacks it. It has something to do with white blood cells; they attack it? As you get older, from when you are a toddler, your immune system gets stronger.

Alex - I think it blocks it by attacks from the immune system. The white blood cells try to attack the pathogen while some of the defensive structures (plasma membrane and nuclear envelope and pores) help to block things from the cell. We gain immunity by the knowledge of what is best at stopping the pathogen and how to detect them.

Iris - A method to get rid of pathogens is your body making you throw up. This is your body wanting it to get out of your body. I'm not sure how it does this.

Abbie - Your body is able to address what doesn't belong, the bacteria that doesn't belong. It sends the cells to break it down and compress it. I'm not sure how a cell can break another one down.

Ella - My body has the same things that I take in so when I take in a new virus, I get sick because my WBCs couldn't fit off the virus, or I don't get sick because my WBCs can fight it off. The next time when I get the same virus, they will know how to fight the same virus I had before. Over time, your body will get used to certain viruses.

Owen - Our body fights off certain viruses by building immune specific to said viruses. It basically uses a bit (like we use for vaccines) of the actual virus in there; our body gets used to it and we learn how to adapt to it. We create certain cells to fight off that specific virus. There are certain cells in our bodies for each pathogen we encounter. That's why you can get the flu again; if you don't have that "pathogen cell".

Nikki - I think that my body fights off pathogens by how used to the bacteria my body is. You build up an immunity so that your body is more used to it than the first time you got it.

Anna - I was thinking about, how when we went to Nicaragua, we weren't allowed to drink the water because our body wasn't used to the water there. Then I was thinking about plasma membranes that block out the bad bacteria trying to get into your body. Your cells absorb the water, your cells will reject that water, and give you sick symptoms.

Gabe - Bacteria would get fought off in the cell membrane by antibodies in the cell. I think antibodies are what we have been calling how we're used to the bacteria. How we are used to these certain bacteria are these certain antibodies. The antibodies fight the bacteria that gets into the cell.

Colby - Certain things you can eat will help your immune system fight off. You can eat healthy and be able to fight off bacteria.

Rachel - Once you get a virus, your immune system will be able to fight it off the next time you get it because it will know that it had it the first time.

Maia - Eukaryotic cells. I think this because pathogens are made of prokaryotic cells; these are simpler and have no nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and antibodies inside. Eukaryotic cells are able to overpower and kill the Pro cells. If there is too much bacteria, then it can kill you. If you get a reoccurring sickness, the Eukaryotic cells know how to deal with it.

Averie - The human body will read whether or not it's a pathogen. If it's a pathogen, it will try to fight it. If I try to eat a bad food with a bacteria in it, my body will fight it to get it out of my body.

Agar Plating - Results & Observations from March 19, 2018

March 19, 2018 PREDICTIONS

I think my body is able to fight off pathogens it encounters by... I think this because...

Ella - When your body shows signs of being sick, your WBC count must be really low because there must be more of these bacterial cells (a lot of them). The bacteria cells take over the WBC.

Anna - I noticed that the bacteria cells are much smaller so I think somehow that could relate to them getting into the human cells.

Colby - I think the same as my previous hypothesis. Maybe a blood sample would help us to further our predictions. I would like to know the relative size of cells related to bacteria.

Gabe - I don't want to change my previous prediction. Antibodies maybe don't just fight off in the cells but maybe in the bloodstream as well?

Maia - I think the swab from my mouthpiece turned out yellow because it was salivary residue. Something in my saliva grew, and there were some animal cells crossing with the beef stock that we used.

Ally - I think that the size of the cell matters. We are talking about how the smaller cells are still able to make us get sick so I think that the size does matter. If they are so small, there can be so many of them going against one big white cell.

Abbie - I don't want to change my initial prediction. Bacteria is smaller than my cheek cells which make it easier to attack the smaller cells.

Rachel - I don't want to change my prediction.

Alex - I keep my prediction, and add that the bacteria is able to make you sick because if it's just left without being killed by the WBC, it is able to make these massive spores that are much harder to kill. It they aren't dealt with quickly, you need a lot more to get rid of this. This makes you more vulnerable it various places.

Owen - I have no new information that would change my prediction.

Iris - I think that our cells can fight off bacteria that is smaller easier because it is that much smaller.

Jenna - Same prediction as before.

Dylan - Same prediction as before. I don't think the size of the various cells matter in relation to the bacteria cells. Food poisoningggggggg

Nikki - Same prediction as before.

Eme - Something related to our WBC. I understand how it works with cuts and infections, but not with viruses. When bacteria gets in a cut, WBC comes in to fight off the bacteria (pus). Pus is where WBCs have died fighting off some sort of pathogen. I'm not sure if it's the same mechanism with the flu, etc.

March 26, 2018 PREDICTIONS

I think my body is able to fight off pathogens it encounters by... I think this because...

Eme - because dome cells can destroy pathogens, i think when pathogens enter your body, your body sends the right cells to destroy them. i think your body also trys to get the pathogens out, like the cells that sacreet mucus to catch stuff and bring it out through coughing.

Nikki - My WBC are attacking the viruses and bacteria in my body to keep me from getting sick. Some of the cells work together to fight off the viruses. They teamed up on the virus to making it harder for the virus to fight back. In the video there were three cells that were attacking the cancer cell and killed it. The WBC are eating the unwanted viruses and bacteria in our bodies to protect us from getting sick

Dylan - I think my body can fight off pathagens because my white blood cells attacks the pathogen and starts to break it down. My body biulds up its strength to fight off pathogens over time. This all depends on how strong the pathogen is.

Colby - I predict that white blood cells surround the pathogen or bacteria to be able to fight it off, , however when you get sick its because the white blood cells were too late

Anna - Each organelle has a specific job to protect each individual cell so that each cell can fight away bacteria and viruses. The cell is able to kill off bacteria/viruses because the cells work together to attack unwanted pathogens. Feeling sick is the bodies way of telling you to rest and eat/drink well so the cells can perform their jobs efficiently and effectively. The white blood cells chased the bacteria around until it got it They sacrifice themselves to kill of pathogens and they can afford to do that because they have DNA to make copies of itself

Gabe - I think that white blood cells (WBC) attack and kill/eat bacteria in out body. I think the bacteria enters the cell through the cell membrane or microvilli. Once it is in i think it could be broken down by the lysosomes in the cell because I know they can do this with other organelles. I also think that we get sick when there is enough bacteria to overpower the WBCs and kill them. As far as my previous prediction I do not believe that I have enough evidence to support it at this time.

Ally - I think that my body is able to fight off pathogens it encounters by having the cell wall attach to other cells to fight off the pathogens. I think that the lysosomes in the cell also help by breaking down the pathogens that enter.

Iris - wasn't here

Owen - White blood cells surround and overtake the virus, before dying

Abbie - I think my body fights off pathogens by throwing white blood cells at the unwanted cell in attempt to kill and compress it. by the look of the first video, multiple white blood cells attack the unwanted cell or they surround the unwanted cell and eat it in a way. In the second video it looks like the bacteria ganged up on the white blood cells to kill it.

Maia - wasn't here

Rachel - I think the cells are able to fight off the bacteria becasue there are so many cells that are bigger than the bacteria, its easier to get rid of them. Your cells are able to recognize when you've gotten the same virus again (by genetic information?) so the virus will be easier to fight off the second time you've had it.

Jenna - didn't submit her prediction

Ella - My cells (white blood cells) take in the virus or whatever in eating or taking in and theyt either get into the cell and cause it to have the virus or the cell is able to protect my body by killing itsself after its taken in the virus the white blood cells can do this because they can make copies of themselves from DNA.

Alex - I think that my body can fight of pathogens it encounters by repealing and attacking invading. Organelles like the cell membrane and cillia can move try to repel the pathogens by forcing them out of the body.If this doesn't work then the white blood cells will attack the pathogen The white blood cells do this with proteins it makes that can destroy the pathogens. They are able to adapt with the multiple nuclei that hold many different blueprints and can make the proteins stronger and better at killing invaders.

Averie - not here

April 9, 2018 PREDICTIONS

Elephants and mices have the same size cells. I predict this to be true because…..

Eme - I think they have the same sized cells because theyre both made out of flesh and bones and stuff, and they probably have a lot of different cells, but i dont see any reason for the cells to be different sizes. its not like adult humans have bigger cells than kids. (i think)

Nikki -

Dylan - I predict that this is true becuse cells are the same size a living thing and can more cells then something else.

Colby - I predict that they both have the same size cells because, all cells are relatively the same size from humans to dinosaurs they are all relatively the same size. They could be completely different sized but they should have same sized cells bigger animals will have more cells, a thing about cells is the ration between surface area volume so the cells will be more on a larger surface area.

Abbie - Elephants and mice have the same size cells. I predict this to be true because they have the same cells. The elephant may have more cells due to his body mass than the mice. All the animals have the same cells to function because they have the same immune systems. They all fight off pathogens with the same cells.

Anna - Elephants and mice have the same size cells. I predict this to be true because larger mammals don't have bigger cells, they just have a larger quantity to make up for their large mass that requires more energy.

Gabe - I think that elephants and mice have the same size cells despite their vast size difference because the cells in both animals need to preform the same functions.the reason that they wouldn't change size as the the size of the organism changes is to that they can preform small tasks as well. If a an elephant had big cells just because it is a big animal it would probably hinder it's ability to combat viruses. If the cells were bigger than normal then they would be unable to combat smaller amounts of bacteria or pathogens and would have to wait until they were big enough to be able to fight them off. Then the bacteria would be large enough that the cells would have more trouble combating them.

Ally -

Iris - I predict this to be true because elephants are much stronger and have a lot more power compared to a mouse who is not made with as many cells and is weaker

Owen - I predict this to be true because the cell size does not need to be bigger, only needs to have more.

Maia - I think this is true because both the elephant and the mouse hare both animals. I think that all animal cells work the same on the molecular level. I think this because when we did the organelle reference chart, we classified them as plant and animal cells, inferring that all animal cells are the same.

Rachel - Elephants and mice have the same size cells. I predict this to be true because the elephants will just have more cells. I know this because the elephant will need more cells to produce more protein, lipid, more energy than the mice would to function. They would also need more since they are much bigger, it would be harder for them to fight off viruses faster (if they didn't have more cells).

Jenna - Cells all have the same structure no matter the size of the animal.

Ella -

Alex - I predict that the sizes of cells are all the same because of the evolution. All cells originate from a common ancestor and organisms are made as the cells evolve to work together in larger and more complex ways. Cells also are already extremely complex, therefore if some were larger, interactions between different multicellular organisms would be very difficult. The organelles would also all have to evolve differently to each animal and the whole system would unravel. It is the process of making life the best it can be, that makes it this way.

Averie - I predict that they have the same size because the structure of the cells doesn’t change due to the size. They still serve the same structure and function. The elephant will have many more cells but they will be the same size. If the cells were different sizes then the whole system of the elephant would need to be different in order for the processes and cells to work.

April 25, 2018 PREDICTIONS

When the Elodea cells are exposed to tap water and salt water, I hypothesize that this will occur in terms of membrane transport…..

• Rachel:
  • Tap water - I think the cell would absorb the water.
  • Salt water - I think the cell will absorb the water and break. The cell wall will break apart.
• Nikki:
  • Tap water- The water will be absorbed into the cell.
  • Salt water - This will kill the cell or let some of the water in and try to keep the salt out, went through the cell wall and membrane.
• Maia:
  • Tap water - Osmosis will occur and the cells will grow larger.
  • Salt water - Osmosis would happen with the water, but the sodium pumps will be overworked and will kill the cell.
• Ella:
  • Tap water - The water molecules will attach to the plant or carbohydrate chain on the membrane.
  • Salt water - An outer layer will grow around the plant from the salt, but the plant will try to take in the water and keep the salt out.
• Colby:
  • Tap water - Osmosis would occur but I'm not sure what I would see.
  • Salt water - It will activate the chloroplasts to not do anything. I will see them die off.
• Anna:
  • Tap water - This will absorb into the cell when osmosis is happening.
  • Salt water - The cells will try to push the salt out, not let it in, sodium potassium pump pushes salt out.
• Dylan:
  • Tap water - The water will absorb into the cell, but I'm not sure what I would see.
  • Salt water - This will kill the cell if it gets absorbed so it will try to not let it be absorbed
• Jenna:
  • Tap water - Water will be absorbed through osmosis.
  • Salt water - Water will be absorbed, I'm not sure if it will take in water or not.
• Abbie:
  • Tap water - Osmosis will occur.
  • Salt water - I'm not sure about this one. This will either kill the cell or it will give the structure. My chart states that salt helps with processes, maybe the salt will go towards the cytoplasm.
• Gabe:
  • Tap water - Water molecules will go through aquaporins in the cell membrane through osmosis.
  • Salt water - Water molecuels will go through aquaporins, salt will go through protein pumps through facilitated diffusion.
• Alex:
  • Tap water- The cell will absorb some of the water through osmosis, and swell.
  • Salt water - The cell wants to balance the amount of salt between chloroplasts and outside, release water to lower the concentration or take in salt through the protein pumps, noticeable size difference.
• Owen:
  • Tap water - Cells in tap water will take in water and grow like the gummy bear did, but not as big as the gummy bear to maintain the right concentration.
  • Salt water - Active transport will try to keep as much salt out as it can, pushing out salt against the will.
• Iris:
  • Tap water - The cell will absorb the water, taking in water, and getting bigger.
  • Salt water - The cell will absorb the water and some of the salt, get bigger because taking in water.
• Ally:
  • Tap water - The cell will use osmosis to take in water to grow to help it live.
  • Salt water - The cell will use facilitated diffusion to get the water into the cell. The cell will take in salt and die.