Rowing 101

Rowers are categorized by sex, age and weight. Events are divided into two disciplines, sweep rowing and sculling. They are offered for men, women and for mixed crews containing an equal number of men and women. Junior events are for rowers 18 or under or who spent the previous year in high school. Masters events are for rowers 21and older. There are 2 weight categories, light weight and open weight.

Sculling and Sweep Rowing

Athletes with two oars, one in each hand, are scullers, and athletes with only one oar are sweep rowers. Although spectators will see hundreds of different races at a rowing event, there are only six basic boat configurations. Sweep rowers come in pairs without coxswain (2-), fours with and without coxswains (4+/4-) and eights (8+). Scullers row in singles (1x), doubles (2x) and quads (4x).

Sweep rowers may or may not carry a coxswain, the person who steers the boat and serves as the on-the-water coach. All eights have coxswains, but pairs and fours may or may not. In boats without coxswains, one of the rowers steers by moving the rudder with his foot. Coxswains are more uncommon in sculling shells. The pairs and fours with coxswain are sometimes the hardest to recognize because of where the coxswain is sitting. Although the coxswain is almost always facing the rowers in an eight, in pairs and fours the coxswain may be facing the rowers in the stern or looking down the course, lying down in the bow, where (s)he is difficult to see.

The Stroke

The whole body is involved in moving a shell through the water. Although rowing tends to look like an upper body sport, the strength of the rowing stroke comes from the legs. The stroke is made up of four parts: Catch, Drive, Finish and Recovery. As the stroke begins, the rower is coiled forward on the sliding seat, with knees bent and arms outstretched. At the catch, the athlete drops the oar blade vertically into the water. At the beginning of the drive, the body position doesn't change – all the work is done by the legs. As the upper body begins to uncoil, the arms begin their work, drawing the oar blades through the water. Continuing the drive, the rowers move their hands quickly into the body, which by this time is in a slight layback position, requiring strong abdominal muscles. During the finish, the oar handle is moved down, drawing the oar blade out of the water. At the same time, the rower feathers the oar – turning the oar handle – so that the oar blade changes from a vertical position to a horizontal one. The oar remains out of the water as the rower begins recovery, moving the hands away from the body and past the knees. The body follows the hands and the sliding seat moves, until, knees bent, the rower is ready for the next catch.

Lightweight and Open Weight

An athlete of any weight can enter the open categories. Lightweight men cannot weigh more than 160 lbs. and 155 lbs. for scholastic races, and lightweight women cannot weight more than 130 lbs.

The Crew

Athletes are identified by their seat in the boat. The athlete in bow is seat No. 1. That's the person who crosses the finish line first. The person in front of the bow is 2 seat, then 3 seat, 4 seat, 5 seat, 6 seat, 7 seat and 8 seat, a.k.a. the stroke. The stroke of the boat must be a strong rower with excellent technique, since the stroke sets the rhythm and number of strokes per minute the rest of the crew must follow.

The Boats – Sculls and Shells

All rowing boats can be called shells. Rowing boats with scullers in them are called sculls, e.g., single scull, double scull, quadruple scull. So, all sculls are shells but not vice versa! Originally made of wood, the newer boats, especially those used in competition, are made of honeycombed carbon fiber. They are light and appear fragile but are crafted to be strong and stiff in the water.

The oars are attached to the boat with riggers, which provide a fulcrum for the levering action of rowing. Generally, sweep rowers sit in configurations that have the oars alternating from side to side along the boat. But sometimes, most typically in the 4- or 4+, the coach will rig the boat so that two consecutive rowers have their oars on the same side in order to equalize individual athlete power.

The eight is the fastest boat on the water. A world-level men's eight is capable of moving almost 14 miles per hour. At 58 feet, the eight is the longest boat on the water. The smallest boat – the single scull – is approximately 27 feet long and as narrow as 10 inches across.

Oars

Oars move the boat through the water and act as balancers. Sweep oars are longer than sculler's oars. The shaft of the oar is made of extremely lightweight carbon fiber instead of the heavier wood used years ago. The popular hatchet blade – named because of its cleaver-like shape – is about 20 percent larger than previous blades. Its larger surface area has made it the almost-universal choice among world-level rowers.

The Sprint Race

National, collegiate, worlds, and Olympic sprint competitions are 2,000 meters, or approximately 1.25 miles. The race course is divided into 6-8 lanes and each 500-meter section is marked with buoys. Masters races are 1,000 meters. Often, juniors races are 1,500 meters.

The race begins with all boats aligned at the start in the lanes they've been assigned. "Stake boat holders" in each lane hold the stern of each boat steady while an official, known as the aligner, ensures that each boat is even with the others and squarely facing the course. Each crew is allowed one false start; two means disqualification. If within the first 100 meters there is legitimate equipment breakage (e.g., an oar snaps in two), the race will be stopped and restarted with repaired equipment.

Rowers speak in terms of strokes per minute (SPM), The stroke rate (the number of rowing strokes per minute that a crew is taking) is high at the start – maybe 45 to even 50 for an eight; 38 to 42 for a single scull. Then, the crew will "settle" into the body of the race and drop the rating back – 38 to 40 for an eight; 32-36 for a single. The coach and the way the race is going determine when the crew will sprint but finishing stroke rates of 46+ in the last 200 meters aren't unheard of. However, higher stroke rates are not always indicative of speed. A strong, technically talented crew may be able to cover more water faster than a less-capable crew rowing a high stroke rate.

An official follows the crews to ensure safety and fairness. Despite the exhaustion of the race, the crew will row for five to 10 minutes afterwards in order to cool down. In rowing, the medals ceremonies include the shells. The three medal-winning crews row to the awards dock, climb out of their shells and receive their medals before rowing away.

The Head Race

Head races, which are generally held in the fall, are about 2.5-3 miles long and the boats are started in their respective divisions separately at 10 second intervals. They are usually conducted on a river with an assortment of bridges and turns that can make passing quite interesting. The winner is the crew that had the shortest elapsed time between the start and finish lines, with any additional time included for penalties.

Race Watching

• The crew that's making it look easy is most likely the one doing the best job. When watching a race, look for continuous, fluid motion of the rowers. The rowing motion shouldn't have a discernible end or beginning.
• Synchronization. Rowers strive for perfect synchronization in the boat.
• Clean catches of the oar blade. If you see a lot of splash, the oar blades aren't entering the water correctly. The catch should happen at the end of the recovery, when the hands are as far ahead of the rower as possible. Rowers who uncoil before they drop the oar blades are sacrificing speed and not getting a complete drive.
• Even oar blade feathering. When the blades are brought out of the water, they should all move horizontally close to the water and at the same height. It's not easy, especially if the water is rough.
• The most consistent speed. Shells don't move like a car – they're slowest at the catch, quickest at the release. The good crews time the catch at just the right moment to maintain the speed of the shell.
• Rowing looks graceful, elegant and sometimes effortless when it's done well. Don't be fooled. Rowers haven't been called the world's most physically-fit athletes for nothing. A 2,000-meter rowing race demands virtually everything a human being can physically bring to an athletic competition – aerobic ability, technical talent, exceptional mental discipline, ability to utilize oxygen efficiently and in huge amounts, balance, pain tolerance, and the ability to continue to work when the body is demanding that you stop.
• Race times can vary considerably depending upon the course and weather conditions. Tailwinds will improve times, while headwinds and crosswinds will hamper them.
• If a crew "catches a crab" it means the oar blade has entered the water at an angle instead of perpendicularly. The oar blade gets caught under the surface and will slow or even stop a shell.
• A "Power 10" is a call by the coxswain for 10 of the crew's best, most powerful strokes. Good coxswains read the course to know how many strokes remain for their crew to count down to the finish.
• Coxswains don't now and probably never did yell "stroke! stroke!" Similar to a jockey, their job is to implement the coach's strategy during the race, in addition to steering and letting the rowers know where they stand in the race and what they need to do to win.
• Coxswains from first-place boats worldwide are thrown into the water by their crews.