How to do Harvard references at a glance:

Book:

Fraser, D. (2009) The evolution of the British welfare state. 4^th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Journal:

McGovern, P. (2014) ‘Path analysis: quantitative research into health inequalities’, Sociology review, 23 (4), pp. 10-11.

Online article:

Gage, S. (2014) ‘Smoking and mental health, what’s the connection?’, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/sifting-the-evidence/2014/jul/15/smoking-and-mental-health-whats-the-connection (Accessed: 22 November 2014).

There are a number of different styles of referencing. Referencing correctly in one of these styles is essential to acknowledge your sources, show your background reading and to avoid accusations of plagiarism.

Harvard referencing is the style used at Westminster Kingsway College, and is commonly used in many colleges and universities.

As in any referencing style, you must collect information about your sources and use it in two different places: in-text citation and a reference list or bibliography at the end of your work.

In-text citation contains a small amount of information that can be cross-referenced with your bibliography to find all the necessary information on your source.

Your in-text citation for a book needs to contain only the author’s surname(s), year of publication, and (in the case of direct quotes) page number.

e.g. (Pears and Shields, 2016, p. 31).

The author’s surname has to be in brackets with the date of publication and will frequently be included in the body of your text.

Each book in your reference list or bibliography must include the author’s surname, first initial, the date of publication, full title (including any subtitle), edition (if it is not a first edition), place of publication (city), and publisher.

For journals, e-books and other kinds of sources, this requirement differs from the requirements for a printed book, although the in-text citation is very similar: any resource that has a named author and a year of publication will use this information in the citation.

e.g. a direct quote from journal article by A. Carr published in 1968 would be cited as (Carr, 1968, p. 143).

A paraphrasing of information from the BBC website (where there is no individual author) would be (BBC, 2014). The year, in this case, is the year the website was last updated.

Your reference list requires more information than in-text citations. In the case of a journal, you need: the surname and first initial of the author, year of publication, the title of the article (‘in quotation marks’), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume and issue number, and the page numbers where the article can be found (pp.-).

Referencing a website requires the information that is available to you. If the web page (or online article) has an individual author, you must put in their surname and initial. A corporate author can be listed instead (the name of the organisation that runs the website), or if there is no author or organisation running the website, a title, date of publication or updating, a URL (web address) and the date you accessed it are sufficient. If it has no title, put in the date, URL and the date you accessed the website. If there is no date on the website, simply use the URL and the date you accessed it.

Where to find the required information

In a book: In the first few pages, either inside the front cover or after the title page. All books will list the name and address of the publisher (city of publication), year of publication, and any previous editions published.

In a journal: The front cover will list most of the information required – the title, volume and issue number, and publication date. Only the title, author, and page numbers are required from the article itself.

On a website: Most websites will have the name of the organisation running it displayed prominently, if not the name of an individual author. Dates of publication/last update can normally be found at the bottom of the page. Printing off the page will give you all the information: the URL will be displayed at the bottom of the page, along with any date.

In an e-journal: These normally give the page of publication information from the printed book, such as date of publication. The name of the collection should be fairly prominent on your screen (e.g. ebrary).

On a DVD: The back cover should list all the required information such as distributor, producer and year of publication.

In-text Citation

Examples

Most types of resources only require the author’s surname and the year of publication (in brackets) in your in-text citations (sometimes referred to as the author-date system). Variation on this mainly occurs when one of your sources does not have an author and/or year of publication e.g. some websites.

Books:

Direct quotes

(author’s surname, year, page number).

You may want to put the author’s surname in the body of the text e.g. Derrida says “quotation” (1980, p. 3).

Here are two examples of an essay paragraph with correct citation:

The original artist who develops his art so that it can deal with the problems of the present must always struggle against the ossified fashions of his time. These ossified fashions derive from the very classics from which he draws inspiration for “the public make use of the classics of a country as a means of checking the progress of Art” (Wilde, 1975, p. 273).

C. David Benson, in The History of Troy in Middle English Literature, points out that in Guido’s account, “nobody wins” (1980, p. 29) and Guido only “records with horror the destruction and futility of war” (1980, p. 29). However, this has no moral purpose; because men cannot avoid war (as it is predestined and man cannot escape his fate), it is useless to moralise on the subject. This, largely, accounts for the pessimism found in the Historia Destructionis Troiae. This pessimism is not found in Chaucer; although his story is a tragedy that ends in separation and death, it contains optimism and a questioning of the inescapable and all-consuming nature of fate.

If the book has no author or editor, it can be cited using the title instead i.e. (Business ethics, 2008).

Books with more than two authors:

You may use the name of the author listed first + et al., combined with the date (and page number for direct quotes).

Direct quotes: (Liu et al., 2008, p. 90).

Paraphrasing or referencing information: (Liu et al., 2008).

Book chapters/journal articles:

These are cited in the same way as books, using the surname of the article/chapter author, the year of publication, and the page number for direct quotations only.

Websites:

When quoting from a website that has an author, these can be cited in the same way as books e.g. (author, year, page number) for direct quotes and (author, year) for paraphrasing or citing a source of information that is not general knowledge. The author, in this case, can be an individual or an organisation.

e.g. (BBC, 2014).

Websites with no author listed can be cited using the website’s title (in italics) and the date the site was updated/published.

e.g. (Palladio’s Italian Villas, 2005).

Websites with no author or title can be cited using the website’s URL and date.

e.g. (http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html, 2008).

Websites with no author, title or date can be cited in the following way: (URL, no date).

e.g. (http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html, no date).

E-books:

These can be cited in the same way as a printed book i.e. (author, date, page number if quoting directly).

e.g. (Smith, 2009, p. 54).

E-journals:

These are cited using the same method as printed journals or books i.e. (author, date, page number) or (author, date) if not quoting directly.

Newspaper articles:

You only need to put the author’s surname and year of publication for paraphrasing and citing sources of information

e.g. (Old, 2008).

Direct quotes should also include page numbers

e.g. (Old, 2008, p. 25).

Tutor’s notes/Class handouts:

These can be cited in your text, although in most cases the information in these can be considered general knowledge, and if another work is cited in handouts, or tutor’s notes on Moodle, it is best to find the original

source of the quotation yourself and cite and reference that instead.

Again, you only need to supply the author and date (in brackets) within your text. e.g.

(Hollis, 2008).

Photographs:

Your in-text citations should include only the surname of the photographer and year in round brackets

e.g. (Bailey, 1996).

Paintings/drawings:

These should be cited in the same way as photographs, using the artist’s surname and date.

e.g. (Dali, 1958).

Films on DVD:

An in-text citation needs only the title of the film, in italics, and the year of distribution (in round brackets)

e.g. The Matrix reloaded (2003).

Music CDs:

Music CDs can be cited using the name of the album (in italics) and the year of distribution

e.g. (What’s the story) Morning glory (1995).

Bibliography/Reference list

A bibliography is a list of sources you have used in compiling your essay, whether you have cited them in your text or not. A reference list is simply a list of works you have cited within your text, with additional information to assist in identifying and finding the works you have cited. Your teacher may specify whether he/she would prefer a bibliography or a reference list.

Your bibliography (or reference list) should be in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname. If there is no author listed, the source should be in alphabetical order according to title. Multiple authors should all be listed in your reference list, although this is not necessary in your citations within the text. Do not separate different kinds of resources. They should all make up one list. This list should have a title, either ‘Bibliography’ or ‘References’ depending on which it is.

The layout of these references is important, particularly when submitting to websites such as Turnitin, which will flag incorrectly cited or referenced items as potentially plagiarised.

Books:

Author, Initial. (Year of Publication) Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

If there is a subtitle, it should be included. Refer to the title page inside the book for the correct title and subtitle. First editions do not need to have an edition number. Any previous editions will be listed with the publishing information. Only the first letter of the book’s title needs to be capitalised.

Examples:

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 10^th ed. London: Palgrave.

Buzan, T. (2000) The mind map book. London: BBC Worldwide Limited.

Chapters in edited books:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Title of chapter’ in Surname of author/editor of whole book, Initial (ed.).Title: subtitle if included. City of publication: Publisher, page numbers of chapter.

Example:

Menzies, R. (1993) ‘Information systems security’, in Peppard, J. (ed.) IT strategy for business. London: Pitman Publishing, pp. 70-80.

Books with more than two authors:

1^st author, Initial., 2^nd author, Initial., 3^rd author, Initial. and Final author, Initial. (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A., Sandin, T. and Ford, A. (1999) Sears and Zemansky’s university physics. 10^th ed. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley.

Journal articles:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Article title’, Journal Title, Volume (Issue number), Month or season issued, Page reference. (pp.)

Example:

Lovett, G. (2008) ‘Built on shaky foundations’, Design Week, 23 (42), p. 8.

Online articles:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of website. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2008) ‘£8,000 carrot to tempt maths experts’, Times Educational Supplement. Available at: http://www.tes.co.uk/2635138 (Accessed: 23 June 2008).

Websites:

Author(s), Initial. (Year of publication/last update) Title of internet site. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Anglia Ruskin University Library (2008) University library guide to the Harvard style of referencing. Available at: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm (Accessed: 10 October 2013).

E-books:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Name of e-book collection. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Note: If the e-book is identical to the printed version, reference it as a printed book.

Example:

Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. NetLibrary. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2008).

E-journals:

Author, Initial. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume (issue), pp. _ - _. Name of collection. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Examples:

Bright, M. (1985) ‘The poetry of art’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (2), pp. 259-277. JSTOR. Available at: http://uk.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 16 June 2008).

Liu, B.C., Ivers, R., Norton, R., Boufous, S., Blows, S. and Lo, S.K. (2008) ‘Review of professional training’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. Ovid. Available at: http://ovidsp.uk.ovid.com/spb/ovidweb.cgi (Accessed: 23 June 2008).

Newspaper articles:

Articles found in printed newspapers and articles found online need to be referenced slightly differently, although they are cited in the same way within your text.

Articles in printed newspapers should be referenced in the following order:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper (ed. If required), Day and month, p. -.

All key words in the title of the newspaper should be capitalised.

Example:

Old, D. (2008) ‘House price gloom’, Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p. 25.

Class handouts:

While it is best to find the original source, quotes and information cited in class handouts can be referenced in the Harvard system using the following layout:

Author, Initial. (Year of publication of the original work), cited in [give details of course/institution] worksheet/handout.

Example:

Godfrey, J. (2009) cited in King’s Cross Learning Centre essay example worksheet.

Tutor’s notes on Moodle/VLEs:

Author or tutor, Initial. (Year) ‘Title of item’, Name of academic module. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Hollis, K. (2008) ‘Week 7: dissertation preparation materials’, Research methods for MA History. Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2008).

Films on YouTube

Name of person/organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Lancashire House (2008) Ask the experts – plastering. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9wpceIlxCU (Accessed: 26 June 2010).

Podcasts

Author/presenter (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title [Podcast]. Day/month of posted message. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Verity, A. et al. (2012) Retail sales figures [Podcast]. 4 September. Available at: http://​www.bbc.co.uk​/​podcasts/​series/​money (Accessed: 25 September 2015).

Photographs:

Photographer, Initial. (Year) Title of Photograph [Photograph]. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Examples:

Bailey, P. (1996) Snow scene [Photograph]. Sunderland: Centre for Visual Effects.

Thomas, T. (2003) Redevelopment in Newcastle [Photograph]. Newcastle upon Tyne: Then and Now Publishing.

The place of publication and publisher only need to be included if this information is readily available.

Paintings/drawings:

Artist, Initial. (Date [if available]) Title of the work [Medium e.g. Acrylic] Institution or collection that houses the work, City.

Example:

Coello, C. (1664) The triumph of St. Augustine [Oil on Canvas]. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

If you have seen the work online, you can reference it in this way:

Artist, Initial. (Date) Title [Medium]. Name of collection. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example:

Dali, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas]. Oxford art online. Available at: http://www.oxfordartonline.com (Accessed: 9 July 2008).

Films on DVD:

Title of film (Year) Directed by: Director’s Name [DVD]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example:

The Matrix reloaded (2003) Directed by A. and L. Wachowski [DVD]. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

Music CDs:

Artist (Year) Title of recording [CD]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Example:

Oasis (1995) (What’s the story) Morning glory [CD]. London: Creation Records.

A finished reference list should look something like this:

References:

Carr, A.Z. (1968) ‘Is business bluffing ethical?’, Harvard Business Review, 46 (1), pp. 143-153.

Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2007) Business ethics. 2^nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. NetLibrary. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2008).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2008) ‘£8,000 carrot to tempt maths experts’, Times Educational Supplement, 20 June. Available at: http://www.tes.co.uk/2635138 (Accessed: 23 June 2008).

Old, D. (2008) ‘House price gloom’, Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p.25.

Prindl, R. and Prodham, B. (eds.) (1994) The ACT guide to ethical conflicts in finance. Oxford: Association of Corporate Treasurers.

The Body Shop, Policy on donations. Available at: http://www.thebodyshopinternational.com (no date) (Accessed: 01 January 2008).

Wolf, M. (2000) ‘Sleeping with the enemy’, Financial Times, 16 May, p. 21.

Details of how to cite/reference different mediums can be found in:

Cite Them Right -

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 10th ed. London: Palgrave.

The Learning Centre has a number of copies available for loan or reference. These can be found at 371.30281 PEA (or ask a member of staff).