The poaching and illegal wildlife trade , with an estimated annual sales of £1.5 billion, poses a further threat to biodiversity. Poaching of ungulates and small wild mammals can deplete prey resources for big cats such as tigers and leopards, affecting the proper functioning of ecosystems and increasing the incidence of human-animal conflict. Some poached animals are capable of carrying viruses, posing a threat to public health.

As the population grows, the demand for land increases, leading to deforestation and the destruction of natural habitat. Studies show that by 23,300 km less forest cover between 2001 and 2019, this has impacts on terrestrial ecosystems （Tancredi, 2024). With the acceleration of urbanization, urban expansion leads to the destruction of natural habitat in the surrounding areas, which affects the distribution and diversity of terrestrial organisms.

Deforestation has reduced forest coverage of 23,300 km 2 in India, affecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Deforestation and habitat destruction lead to species loss, especially for those dependent on specific habitats. More than 85 percent of India is at risk of extreme extremes, and 45 percent of them are experiencing swaps. The increased frequency, intensity, and unpredictability of extreme climatic events pose a serious threat to the living environment of terrestrial organisms