Antibiotics are commonly prescribed medicine, even during pregnancy. However, the specific type of antibiotic and the prescribed dosage will vary amongst pregnant women and the general population. Each antibiotic is different and its usage depends on factors such as the type of antibiotic, how far along the pregnancy is, how long is it being prescribed, what the dosage is, and the possible effects it could have on the pregnancy (Beedie, 2016). Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infection as it works to stop the growth by blocking bacterial cell wall production, thus leading to the breakdown of cells, and eventually bacterial death (Kubin, 1993). It is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infection such as pneumonia, and can be prescribed to pregnant women. While ciprofloxacin is assumed to be safe when taken during pregnancy, it does have the potential to transfer from the bloodstream of the mother and into the placenta (Kubin, 1993). Therefore, it is important to understand and identify the potential risks associated with the use of ciprofloxacin while taken during pregnancy.

The chicken embryo model serves as a suitable alternative animal model for drug-distribution studies. It is fairly accessible due to its high reproducibility in a short amount of time and low cost (Winter, 2013). It is important to understand the effect of varying concentrations at different developmental stages with different drugs in order to correctly and efficiently execute planning and interpretation of neurodevelopmental toxicity studies. After an extensive literature review, we found there to be little to no pathological studies on embryos injected with ciprofloxacin and the development of their heart and vascular system has been conducted. Therefore, the influence of ciprofloxacin on the development of embryos and their cardiovascular system should be deeply and more thoroughly understood. 

One limitation we found was while measuring the heart rate. In our study, we used the biotechs edu culture control dish to keep the heart rate going. We allowed the embryo to sit there for 30 seconds and then started the video recording to record the heart rate. A lot of the embryos started with a consistent heartbeat and then the heart stopped during the recording. This made it difficult to get an accurate assessment of the embryo's heart rate. We suggest finding an alternative method that would be more reliable across measuring the heart rate of each embryo. We would also like to point out that a small sample size could affect the significance of the results. A larger sample size reduces the likelihood of making a type 1 error. It helps to increase the external validity or generalizability of the results. It provides a more representative sample of the population, and the results are more likely to be applicable to the larger population 

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