Admin. “Policing Womanhood: The Legal and Ethical Dilemma of High Testosterone Women Athletes.” Jus Corpus, 5 Feb. 2025, www.juscorpus.com/policing-womanhood-the-legal-and-ethical-dilemma-of-high-testosterone-women-athletes/.
Chappell, Bill. “Trans Athlete Laurel Hubbard Has Made Olympic History Competing in Individual Event.” NPR, NPR, 2 Aug. 2021, www.npr.org/sections/tokyo-olympics-live-updates/2021/08/02/1023724506/trans-weightlifter-laurel-hubbard-tokyo-olympics.
Dawson, Alan. "How Serena Williams responds to accusations that she 'was born a guy.'" Business Insider, Business Insider, 31 May 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/serena-williams-responds-to-accusations-she-was-born-a-man-2018-5.
DiLascio-Martinuk, About the AuthorTracey M. “Transgender Athletes: Overview: Research Starters: EBSCO Research.” EBSCO, 2024, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/sports-and-leisure/transgender-athletes-overview.
Eisele, Ines. “Fact Check: Do Trans Women Have Unfair Athletic Advantage? – DW – 03/20/2025.” Dw.Com, Deutsche Welle, 14 Apr. 2025, www.dw.com/en/do-trans-women-have-an-unfair-athletic-advantage/a-58583988.
Fagan, Kate, et al. “Brittney Griner Opens up and Bares All.” ESPN, ESPN Internet Ventures, 6 July 2015, www.espn.com/espnw/story/_/id/13176422/phoenix-mercury-center-brittney-griner-opens-bares-all-espn-magazine-body-issue.
Falkingham, Dan Roan & Katie. “Transgender Athletes: What Do the Scientists Say?” BBC Sport, BBC, 11 May 2022, www.bbc.com/sport/61346517.
Farrell, Timothy. "Harvard Graduate and Transgender Swimmer Schuyler Bailar Looks to the Future." University Athletics Association, https://express.adobe.com/page/lFAP5VK2L4tu3/.
Flores, A.R., Haider-Markel, D.P., Lewis, D.C. et al. “Public Attitudes about Transgender Participation in Sports: The Roles of Gender, Gender Identity Conformity, and Sports Fandom.” Sex Roles 83, 382–398 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01114-z.
Herman, Robin. “‘No Exceptions,’ and No Renee Richards.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 Aug. 1976, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.27.html?scp=6&sq=milwaukee+brewers&st=cse.
Imray, Gerald. “Caster Semenya’s Sex Eligibility Battle Has Confounded Sports for 16 Years and Still Isn’t Over.” AP News, AP News, 11 July 2025, apnews.com/article/caster-semenya-track-sex-eligibility-gender-sports-d42772998ec563f75dac028ec4fdab20.
"Lia Thomas says she transitioned to be happy, not to win swimming titles." The Guardian, Guardian News & Media Limited, 31 May 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/may/31/lia-thomas-trans-swimmer-university-of-pennsylvania-ncaa-title.
“Letter to My Mom: U/Serenawilliams.” Reddit, Reddit, 19 Sept. 2017, https://www.reddit.com/user/serenawilliams/comments/714c1b/letter_to_my_mom/?st=J7RXEDXB&sh=5c384abb.
Maskell, Emily. “The Trans Tennis Player Who Coached Martina Navratilova to Two Wimbledon Titles.” PinkNews, 1 July 2025, www.thepinknews.com/2025/07/01/the-trans-tennis-player-who-coached-martina-navratilova-to-two-wimbledon-titles/.
Lavigne, Paula. “What to Know about Trump’s Ban of Transgender Women from Sports.” ESPN, 6 Feb. 2025, www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/43719883/what-know-trump-ban-transgender-women-sports
Migdon, Brooke. “NCAA President Says There Are ‘Less Than 10’ Transgender Athletes in College Sports.” The Hill, 18 Dec. 2024, thehill.com/homenews/lgbtq/5046662-ncaa-president-transgender-athletes-college-sports/.
Nasir, Noreen. “For Women Athletes of Color, Outsized Scrutiny over Gender Is Nothing New, Historians Say.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 4 Aug. 2024, www.pbs.org/newshour/world/for-women-athletes-of-color-outsized-scrutiny-over-gender-is-nothing-new-historians-say.
“NCAA Female Athletes Face New Testosterone Testing Debate.” US Newsper, 26 Mar. 2025, usnewsper.com/2025/03/ncaa-female-athletes-face-new-testosterone-testing-debate/.
“Number 441, August 2022.” CDC National Center for Health Statistics Data Briefs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022, www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db441.htm
“Olympic Committee Inches toward Transgender Athlete Restrictions Ahead of L.A. Games.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 10 Nov. 2025, www.latimes.com/sports/story/2025-11-10/international-olympic-committee-ban-on-transgender-athletes-competing-women-sports-kirsty-coventry.
“The Robert Macneil Report; Transexuality and Sports.” American Archive of Public Broadcasting, 23 Aug. 1976, americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-cc0tq5s22t.
Rude, Mey. "NWSL supports Barbra Banda after Fox News guest calls her 'a male.'" Out, Out Magazine, 4 Nov. 2025, https://www.out.com/gay-athletes/barbra-banda-fox-news#rebelltitem1.
“Schuyler Bailar | PINKMANTARAY.” https://www.pinkmantaray.com.
“Sex Testing Rules Harm Women Athletes.” Human Rights Watch, 2 Aug. 2023, www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/31/sex-testing-rules-harm-women-athletes.
Smith, Helen. "Seattle Reign's Quinn on being the first openly trans, nonbinary player in professional soccer." King 5 News, King-TV, 27 June 2024, https://www.king5.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/new-day-northwest/seattle-reign-quinn-first-openly-trans-nonbinary-professional-soccer-player/281-fbd670bd-8bdc-470f-a033-4c69b7a57844.
Stanton, Andrew. “California Push for Transgender Sports Inclusivity May Face Olympic Setback.” Newsweek, Newsweek, 12 Nov. 2025, www.newsweek.com/california-push-transgender-sports-inclusivity-may-face-olympic-setback-11031247.
team, Trans Health Research. “Trans Women in Sport: What Does the Science Say?” Trans Research, Trans Research, 29 Sept. 2025, www.transresearch.org.au/post/trans-women-in-sport.
Webb, Karleigh. "NWSL veteran Elizabeth Eddy wants trans women barred from women’s soccer." Outsports, Q.Digital, 28 Oct. 2025, https://www.outsports.com/2025/10/28/24121117/nwsl-elizabeth-eddy-testing-world-athletics-acfc-fifa/.
Webb, Karleigh. "Women’s soccer star is the latest target of an anti-trans activist." Outsports, Q.Digital, 6 Nov. 2025, https://www.outsports.com/2025/11/6/24121566/barbra-banda-orlando-pride-fc-anti-trans-accusations-xx-xy/.
Wertheim, Jon. “Renée Richards Shares Her Position on Gender Policy in Tennis.” SI, Sports Illustrated, 13 Feb. 2025, www.si.com/tennis/renee-richards-shares-the-gender-policy-recommendation-she-made-to-the-wta.
Williams Institute. “More than 40% of Transgender Adults in the U.S. Have Attempted Suicide.” Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law, 20 July 2023, williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/transpop-suicide-press-release/.
Wrack, Suzanne. "How Barbra Banda got caught up in a swirl of misinformation and double standards." The Guardian, Guardian News & Media Limited, 29 Mar. 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/mar/29/how-barbra-banda-got-caught-up-in-a-swirl-of-misinformation-and-double-standards.