Acquisition: the gradual deveopment of ability in a first or second language by using it naturally in communicative situations.
Learning: the conscious process of accumulating knowledge, in contrast to acquisition;
Acquisition barriers in second language learning include limited exposure, focus, and incentive.
The age factor is significant, with adolescence being proposed as an optimal time for language learning due to cognitive maturation.
Affective factors, such as self-consciousness and lack of empathy, can inhibit language acquisition.
- Children are less constrained by affective factors in language learning compared to adults.
- Some studies suggest that alcohol can temporarily reduce self-consciousness and improve pronunciation in language learning, but this effect is limited and not a sustainable solution.
The Audiolingual Method, developed in the mid-20th century, focuses on spoken language through systematic drills to develop fluency, but critics argue it lacks real-life application.
approaches to language teaching that are based on learning through using language rather than learning about language.
The most fundamental change in the area of L2 studies in recent years has been a shift from concern with the teacher, the textbook and the method to an interest in the learner and nthe acquisition process,
using sounds, expressions and structures of hrases and sentences based on established categories used in the analysis of Latin and Greek.
negative transfer: the use of a feature from the L1 ( bthat is really different from the L2)while performing in the L2 , in contrast to positive transfer.
positive transfer: the use of a feature from the L1 that is similar to the L2 while performing in the L2, in contrast to negative transfer.
The interim system of L2 learners, which has some features of gth3e L1 and L2 plus some that are independent of the L1 and the L2
Instrumental motivation: the desire to learn an L2, not to join the community of L2-users, but to achievbe some other goal, in contrast to integrative motivation.
Integrative motivation: the dedire to learn an L2 in order to take part in the social life of the community of L2- users, in contrast to Instrumental motivation.
Input: the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to, in contrast to output .
Output: the laguage produced by an acquirer/ learner, in contrast to input.
Foreigner talk:a way of using a language with non-native speakers that is simpler in structure and vocabulary.
Negotiated input: L2 material that an acquuirer/ learner is exposed to when active attention is drawn to that material during interaction in the L2.
Communicative competence: the genral ability to use language accurately, appropriatel and flexibly.
Grammatical Competence: the ability ton use words and structures accurately as npart og communicative competence.
Sociolinguistic competence: the ability to use language appropriately according to the social context as part of communicative competence.
Stategic Comppetence: the ability to use langage to organize effective messages and to overcome potential commnunication problems as part of communicative competence.
Communication strategy: a way of overcoming a gap between communicative intennt and a limited abilitu to express that intent, as part of strategic competence.