Chapter 12: Language and the brain 

The motor cortex and the Arcuate Fasciculus

Motor cortex: a part of the brain that controls muscule movement

Arcuate fasciculus: a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain

The localization View

Localiztion view : the belief that specific aspects linguistic ability have specific locations in the brain

Tongue tips and slips

Tip of the tong: When we forget a word but have an accurate phonological outline of it.

Malapropisms : a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, endd number of syllables ( eg: medication used instead of " medication")

Slips of the tongue: unintentionally saying something that is not meant, due to a mistake in speaking

Spoonerism: a slip of the tongue in which two parts of words or two words are switched.

eg : Buổi trưa ăn bưởi chua.

Slip of the brain:Forgetting a word or making a speech error due to a mistake in the brain's linguistic processing

Perserveration: sound carried over to next word. eg: black bloxes, my favorite flog 

Anticipation : sound used before next word 

Exchange :initial sounds change place. 

Slip of ear: A processing errorin which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was " gray tape"

Aphasia An impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/ or producing language.( chứng rối loạn ngôn ngữ )

Broca's Aphasia

Broca's aphasia: a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distored, slow and missing grammtical markers.(difficulty in produce)

Agrammatic speech: speech that lacks grammatical markers (functional and inflectional morphemes)

Wernicke's Aphasia: a language disorder in which comprehension is typically slow while speech is fluent, but vague and missing content words.(difficulty with comprehending language) "1 người nói trôi chảy nhưng không ai hiểu họ đang nói gì"

Conduction Aphasia: a language disorder associated with damage to the accurate fasciculus in which repearing words or phrases is difficult.

The characteristic of speech in Broca's aphasia

->It consists mostly of lexical morphemes.

Dichotic Listening:An experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simultaneously, each through a different earphone.

Left brain, right brain

The human brain's processing of language signals is primarily based on the right hemisphere, which is responsible for processing speech sounds and non-linguistic signals like music and traffic noises. 

The left hemisphere is better at processing analytic processing, which involves recognizing small details of sounds and words, while the right hemisphere focuses on holistic processing, which involves identifying more general structures in language and experience. 

The Critical Period 

The lateralization process begins in early childhood, during the “critical period” for language acquisition, which lasts from birth until puberty.

The critical period

The time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take place.

Lateralization: divided into a left side and a right side, with control of functions on one sode or the other ( used in described the human brain).