The following are tools to calculate the ohm value and tolerance based on resistor color codes, the total resistance of a group of resistors in parallel or in series, and the resistance of a conductor based on size and conductivity.

I am developing a C#(WinForm) application with the goal of recording the service time of a task, and would like the help of you to solve this case.I need to register two different times, in two different variables (Both have to be current computer schedules), because I will have a start and end time. So I need to calculate this time between the schedules and turn the result into minutes and display it in a TextBox.I also need to have a total value in minutes and convert this value to time in "hours: minutes".


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If you currently share licenses inside of your organization under a Smart Account, choose this account prior to clicking Next. This screen can tell you the specific license you are registering, the total number of authorized users you purchased (Quantity), and the License start and end dates.

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In March 2011, Spotify announced a customer base of 1 million paying subscribers across Europe,[36] and by September 2011, the number of paying subscribers had doubled to two million.[37] In August 2012, Time reported 15 million active users, four million being paying Spotify subscribers.[38] User growth continued, reaching 20 million total active users, including five million paying customers globally and one million paying customers in the United States, in December 2012.[39] By March 2013, the service had 24 million active users, six million being paying subscribers,[40] which grew to 40 million users (including ten million paying) in May 2014,[41] 60 million users (including 15 million paying) in December 2014, 75 million users (20 million paying) in June 2015, 30 million paying subscribers in March 2016,[42] 40 million paying subscribers in September 2016,[43] and 100 million total users in June 2016.[44] In April 2020, Spotify reached 133 million premium users.[45] In countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, Spotify registered a fall in users in late February, but it has seen a recovery.[46] In March 2022, Spotify had 182 million premium subscribers.[47] At the end of Q2 2022, Spotify reported 188 million paying subscribers and 433 million total users.[48]

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*Optional. If you belong to a registered organization or institution but you register using a different email domain, you must provide this code to register under the same organizational or institutional account. Contact your UN Comtrade account administrator for details.

Accepted values: Plus or Classic. The Plus enables the breakdown of new data items in Comtrade+ notably detailed trade flow, mode of transport, customs procedure codes, and the 2nd partner (when reported by countries). Whereas the Classic, the selection criteria are automatically set to the following values: trade flows to exports, imports, re-imports, and re-exports), mode of transport to total, customs procedure codes to total, and the 2nd partner to World. The classic mode returns the same dataset as the legacy Comtrade.

The type of register being addressed by a Modbus request is determined by the function code. The most common codes include 3 for "read holding registers", and may read 1 or more. Function code 6 is used to write a single holding register. Function code 16 is used to write one or more holding registers.

The "rows" in a Modbus device's "spread sheet" are simply the register number. Most often, these start at 1 and count up sequentially. Some devices might not have a register 1, and their first register may be number 100 for example. If the register number does not exist in the slave device, it will send back an "oops" message properly known as an exception. The exception provides an error code that says "no such register" (exception code 2, illegal data address).

Modbus protocol defines several function codes for accessing Modbus registers. There are four different data blocks defined by Modbus, and the addresses or register numbers in each of those overlap. Therefore, a complete definition of where to find a piece of data requires both the address (or register number) and function code (or register type).

The address range applies to each type of register, and one needs to look at the function code in the Modbus message packet to determine what register type is being referenced. The Modicon convention uses the first digit of a register reference to identify the register type. 


Modbus gateways are used to connect non-Modbus devices to a Modbus network, or vice versa, effectively acting as a protocol converter. Remapping registers to make a new Modbus slave emulate an old Modbus slave is another application of a Modbus gateway. Translating Modbus RTU to Modbus TCP or vice versa is also a common application of a Modbus gateway.

Though not mentioned as a key parameter for an ADC, the differential nonlinearity (DNL) error is the first specification to observe. DNL reveals how far a code is from a neighboring code. The distance is measured as a change in input-voltage magnitude and then converted to LSBs (Figure 1). Note that INL is the integral of the DNL errors, which is why DNL is not included in our list of key parameters. The key for good performance for an ADC is the claim "no missing codes." This means that, as the input voltage is swept over its range, all output code combinations will appear at the converter output. A DNL error of

Offset and gain errors can easily be calibrated out using a microcontroller (C) or a digital signal processor (DSP). With offset error, the measurement is simple when the converter allows bipolar input signals. In bipolar systems, offset error shifts the transfer function but does not reduce the number of available codes (Figure 2). There are two methodologies to zero out bipolar errors. In one, you shift the x and y axes of the transfer function so that the negative full-scale point aligns with the zero point of a unipolar system (Figure 3a). With this technique, you simply remove the offset error and then adjust for gain error by rotating the transfer function about the "new" zero point. The second technique entails using an iterative approach. First apply zero volts to the ADC input and perform a conversion; the conversion result represents the bipolar zero offset error. Then perform a gain adjustment by rotating the curve about the negative full-scale point (Figure 3b). Note that the transfer function has pivoted around point A, which moves the zero point away from the desired transfer function. Thus, a subsequent offset-error calibration may be required.

As with offset error, you lose dynamic range with gain error. For example, if a full-scale input voltage is applied and the code obtained is 4050 instead of the ideal 4096 (for a 12-bit converter), this is defined as negative gain error, and in this case the upper 46 codes will not be used. Similarly, if the full-scale code of 4096 appears with an input voltage less than full-scale, the ADC's dynamic range is again reduced (see Figure 6). Note that, with positive full-scale errors, you cannot calibrate beyond the point where the converter gives all ones in the conversion result.

Code-edge noise is the amount of noise that appears right at a code transition on the transfer function. It is often not specified in the data sheet. Even higher-resolution converters (16+ bits), where code-edge noise is much more prevalent due to the smaller LSB size, will often not specify code-edge noise. Sometimes, code-edge noise can be several LSBs. Conversions performed with the analog input right at the code edge can result in code flicker in the LSBs. Significant code-edge noise means that an average of samples must be taken to effectively remove this noise from the converter results. How many samples are needed? If the code-edge noise is 2/3LSB RMS, this equates to approximately 4LSB p-p. Sixteen samples will have to be taken to reduce the noise to 1LSB (the square root of the number of samples determines the improvement in performance).

Some ADCs perform well only with input signals at or near DC. Others perform well with input signals from DC up to Nyquist. Just because DNL and INL meet the system requirements does not mean the converter will give that same performance when AC signals are considered. DNL and INL are DC tests. We must look to the AC specs to get a good feeling for AC performance. The Electrical Characteristics table and the Typical Operating Characteristics found in the data sheet offer clues to the AC performance. The key specs to review are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD), total harmonic distortion (THD), and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). The first specification to review is SINAD or SNR. SINAD is defined as the RMS value of an input sine wave to the RMS value of the noise of the converter (from DC to the Nyquist frequency, including harmonic [total harmonic distortion] content). Harmonics occur at multiples of the input frequency (see Figure 9). SNR is similar to SINAD, except that it does not include the harmonic content. Thus, the SNR should always be better than the SINAD. Both SINAD and SNR are typically expressed in dB. 006ab0faaa

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