Script and talk drafts

1.0 COURSE ORIENTATION

- Learn the art of public speaking

- Preparation, delivery, evaluation

- Public speaking flowchart

· Accept

· Analyze audience

· Analyze occasion

· Identify objectives (inform, persuade, entertain)

· Synthesize the speech

· Prepare for delivery

· Deliver the speech

· Evaluate

1.1 ACCEPT

- Who you are speaking to

· A group of friends, a presentation for your boss, etc.

- What the occasion is

· A wedding, a funeral etc.

- What you are speaking about

· Topic

1.2 ANALYZE THE AUDIENCE

- Be aware of how diverse your audience may be

- Demographically: age, gender, sexual orientation, racial/ethnic/cultural background, religion, etc.

- Tailor speech to individuals who are part of the audience and not exclude them

- Psychologically: beliefs, thoughts, values

· Towards you

· Your speech

· Your cause

· Their values

- Questionnaire to find out where your audience stands on a certain issue

1.3 ANALYZE THE OCCASION

- Context of presentation

· Formal, ceremonial, learning, etc.

- Size of audience

- Physical setting

- Time of day: later timings may need more tactics to keep audiences from being too distracted

- Inspect the layout of your room: how will you present yourself in an audience? Can you connect freely with them?

1.4 ESTABLISH OBJECTIVES

- Purpose for speaking

- Inform

· Objects: anything visible, tangible, stable in form (living or dead)

· Process: make listeners understand a process or enable listeners to perform a process

· Events: anything that happens/ is happening

· Speeches about concepts: beliefs, theories, ideas, principals

- Persuade

- Entertain

- Choosing topic: start with your own experiences, what you believe

· Something you may speak pssionatley about

- Determine general purpose (ie to inform)

· Then the specific purpose (ie to inform someone about public speaking)

- You want your audience to remember your topics;; give a summary of what you want to cover

1.5 ANALYZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT

- Use information that you already know to connect better to an audience

- Do additional research (e.g examples, anecdotes, different sources) that support your idea

- Definitions, statistics, testimony, quotes

- Ethics

· Make sure goals are ethically sound

· Be honest: being dishonest lowers credibility

· Always be thoroughly prepared

· Avoid name-calling and offensive language

- Plagiarism

· Acknowledge people that have contributed to your content

Ø Global plagiarism: copying an entire speech or paper and claiming it as your own

Ø Patchwork plagiarism: take content from a few sources and claim it as their own

Ø Incremental plagiarism: credit not given to particular parts of the speech

· Avoid by citing sources as well as providing date for relevance

1.6 SYNTHESIZE THE SPEECH

- Organizing researched information in a way the audience can understand

- Body of speech:

- Order:

· Chronological

· Spatial

· Problem solution (cause and effect)

Ø Problem-cause-solution

Ø Get attention of audience

Ø Need to address issue (problem)

Ø Satisfaction (provide a solution)

Ø Visualization of positive outcomes if you accept my recommendation/ negative outcomes if you do not

Ø Action (persuade audiences, move them to action)

· Topical order

Ø Topics and subtopics

· Be careful of how many topics you have!

· No more than 4 main points

- Introduction:

· Capture audience attention

· Reveal topic to audience

· Establish credibility

· Begin by looking at the audience

· Share quotes, poems, something important to you, rhetorical questions, humorous anecdote, startling statement

· Preview

Ø In same order as the body

Ø Use consistent wording as with the body

- Conclusion

· Summarize in same order with consistency in wording

· Close with solid closing

· Informative: Summarize speech

· Persuasive: appeal to audience to take action

1.7 OUTLINE YOUR SPEECH

- Allow you to capture thoughts and put it in order

Ø Isolation: isolate main points and subordinate points in the outline

Ø Division: label main and sub points clearly, minimum 2 points for every main point

Ø Parallelism: allocate equal or balanced amount of time for each point

2.0 OUTLINE

- introduction: relate topic to audience

- you don’t want to share a bunch of things that they don’t know about

- previewing important for audience to know what to take away from the speech

- bibliography to go back and review sources

2.1 PRACTICE

- Go over time constraint

- Too wordy

- Not received the way that you want it to

- Progressively work up to speech

· Sit down, outline what you want to say, refine it

· Look in the mirror and get used to it without paper

· Bring people (similar to your audience) to listen to it to practice

2.2 DELIVERY

a. Methods of delivery

i. Impromptu: spur of the moment

· think about and capture the question

· First, second, summarise

· Identify main topic, then go to main body, then summarise

ii. Manuscript speech: Read word for word

· Well prepared

· Fail to look up adequately and connect with audience

iii. Memorized speech: commit speech to memory

· Remember word-for-word

· Problem: forgot

· Solution: creatively work your way out of it

iv. Extemporaneous: well prepared, but work from a set of notes

· Work from a speaking outline

· Set of bullet points

b. Language

i. Clear and concise

· Don’t make sentences too long or ramble

ii. Understand your words

· Don’t choose to complex works

· Choose words that connect to your audience AND you

· More smooth flow of words

iii. Choose words that convey precisely what you want

· Choose words that call up ideas, pictures, experiences

· Choose appropriately for context

· Credibility is lessened with crude language

iv. Use inclusive language

· Analyze audience

· Pull all of them together

c. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- How you say the speech (and not just what) affects how people think of it as well

i. Voice

· Quality: not all easily draw people in

· Rate at which you speak (too fast/slow lose audience)

· Pauses: the moment you go silent, you pull people back. (you know/ umm may lower the credibility of the speech)

· Pronunciation and articulation

Ø Pronunciation may differ based on region

Ø Articulate words in a crisp, solid way

Ø Bad = decrease credibility

ii. Movements and gestures

· Emblems can be offensive, be careful

· Illustrators

· Signpost (first, second, third points)

· Don’t do actions that distract audience

· Eye contact (establish with all members, connect directly with them

· Clothing (wear appropriately for audience and occasion)

d. Communication anxiety

- Can have negative outcomes if not controlled

- Control it in a way to work for you instead of against

i. Become more knowledgeable about public speaking

ii. Gain experience speaking publicly

iii. Stay focused on topic

iv. Visual aids (divert attention from speaker to visual)

v. PRACTICE

3.0 POST SPEECH

- Important to receive feedback and be evaluated by others

- Little things that we are unaware about in a presentation

- Valuable feedback on how to improve

3.1 SPEECH EVALUATION RUBRIC

i. Content and organization

ii. Use of language

iii. Delivery