During the past few years of pursuing my linguistics and language teaching education, I have become increasingly interested in research. While working towards my undergraduate degree at Western Oregon University, I took an introduction course to socio-linguistics, in which we spent most of the time looking into research studies in the field. This course inspired me to want to conduct my own research. Below are research studies I have conducted by myself and with others, along with a research proposal I would enjoy pursuing after the LTS program. I have learned many lessons while creating each of the artifacts below that did not come from my textbook but through experience. I am very grateful for getting to create each of these artifacts under the supervision of my professors. I learned more about research studies and methods while developing my own.
For my first artifact, I present a paper I wrote during my undergraduate degree at Western Oregon University in my second language acquisition course; "The Correlation of Anxiety and Motivation in Second Language Acquisition." While taking this course, I was partnered with an international student as a conversation partner. During this time, I was curious about language anxiety and motivation and how I, as a teacher, could help learners feel comfortable producing language and continuously feel motivated. As mentioned previously in this portfolio, language anxiety has played a role in language learners' performances and has inhibited them from producing language accurately (Ellis, 2019). Due to this, I created a questionnaire that asked my conversation partner questions about language anxiety, motivation, and their attitude towards the target language community.
This questionnaire was inspired by Horwitz et al. (1986) Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale and Gardner et al. (1985) Attitude Motivation Test Battery. What was very interesting about the results of this study was that my participant showed high levels of language anxiety, but she also continued to show high levels of motivation. When asked if situations that would cause language anxiety affected her motivation to pursue the target language, she responded every single time that her anxiety did not affect her motivation. These results led me to believe that my participant might have been experiencing a form of anxiety-facilitating anxiety. According to Albert and Haber (1960), there are two forms of anxiety: facilitating and debilitating anxiety. Debilitating anxiety refers to a form of anxiety that causes individuals to run away from the source, whereas facilitating anxiety refers to individuals who become motivated to attack what is causing them anxiety so that they may overcome it.
While conducting this study, I learned that asking the apparent question may lead to something other than the obvious answer. For this study, when talking to classmates, teachers, and even people outside of my programs, everyone believed that language anxiety and motivation would correlate. When language anxiety increases, motivation decreases. However, according to the study, that was not the case; there was no correlation between the two, so further research would need to be conducted.
While pursuing my master's degree, I took LT 530: Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. My second artifact for this portfolio is a research proposal written during this class. My proposal, "Motivation and Language Anxiety and the Influences of a Learner-Centered Classroom," is related to a test I created for a previous paper, "The Correlation of Anxiety and Motivation in Second Language Acquisition." For this proposal, I wanted to use the previous test to see if motivation and language anxiety were affected by learner-centered environments rather than identifying a correlation. A learner-centered classroom is an environment where the students are at the center of the class and engage in many activities while having a sense of agency (Weimer, 2002). The gap in the literature for this study was that there was not much research that stated whether or not learner-centered environments affected language anxiety. There was some research on motivation (Liu & Zhang, 2023), but only a small quantity. This gap made me want to find out for myself and develop this proposal.
A fundamental lesson I learned during this project was that when developing a tool, it needs to be validated. When I heard this, it made complete sense and sounded obvious, but I had never considered it. So, while creating this research proposal, I explored how to validate a tool. This question led me to create a plan to validate the test I wanted to create, and I looked at a few research studies that suggested validating a tool. I was most interested in a method created by Reeves and Marbach-Ad (2016), which suggested that evidence should relate to multiple categories to validate its purpose. In order to do this, I would have to create three tests that asked the same questions but were written differently to test whether each section was consistent and led to unbiased results. This validation process was a lesson I would like to bring into the future as I pursue higher education and research.
I took a different approach from the studies above for my final artifact. In collaboration with Cameron Q. Teubner-Keller, we conducted a small-scale study looking into willingness to communicate (WTC) and levels of participation in novice-level foreign language learners. WTC refers to the "readiness to enter into discourse at a particular time with a specific person" (MacIntyre et al., 1998, p. 547), and participation refers to the active participation in activities, discussions, and tasks conducted during the lesson. As we prepared for our study, we noticed a gap in the literature that showed research had been done on higher levels of proficiency (Dewaele & Dewaele, 2018; Khodarahmi & Nia, 2014; Kayi-Aydar, 2013), but the lower levels had not received much attention. This gap led us to focus on novice learners. Our paper, “Exploring the levels of willingness to communicate and participation of novice-level foreign language learners,” is an analysis of six professors' responses to questions about strategies and tasks that they have used with novice-level foreign language learners, leading to an increase or decrease in WTC and participation.
The pillar of Research was the competency that most interested me and influenced the direction that I hope to follow in the future. As mentioned in my introduction, my current research interests are second language acquisition and sociolinguistics. The completion of this program has given me the knowledge necessary for conducting research and opportunities to implement my understanding into conducting studies.
References
Alpert, & Haber, R. N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(2), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045464
Dewaele, J. M., & Dewaele, L. (2018). Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of willingness to communicate in the FL classroom. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 2(1), 24–37. https://euroslajournal.org/articles/10.22599/jesla.37
Ellis, R. (2019). Understanding Second Language Acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Gardner, R. C., Lalonde, R. N., & Moorcroft, R. (1985). The role of attitudes and motivation in second language learning: Correlational and experimental considerations. Language learning, 35(2), 207–227.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132.
Kayi-Aydar, H. (2013). 'No, Rolanda, completely wrong!' Positioning, classroom participation and ESL learning. Classroom Discourse, 4(2), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2013.835271
Khodarahmi, E., & Nia, Z. M. (2014). EFL teachers' classroom discipline strategies and learners' willingness to communicate in English inside the classroom". Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 976–981. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814025981
Liu, H., & Zhang, W. (2023). "First Among Equals": Unpacking Patterns of EFL Teachers' Sustainable Feedback Strategies in Learner-Centered Language Learning Classrooms in the Chinese Context. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 15(2), 1677-. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021677
MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in an L2: a situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x
Reeves, T. D., & Marbach-Ad, G. (2016). Contemporary Test Validity in Theory and Practice: A Primer for Discipline-Based Education Researchers. CBE Life Sciences Education, 15(1), rm1. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.15-08-0183
Weimer, M. (2002). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.