Language functions based on its surrounding conditions, which also influence its organization. Essential to language change is the mirroring of our communicative competence (Canale & Swain, 1980), considering the evolving forms of communication and lexicon we adopt in various social settings. Also, language variation (Cook, 1999) can occur within a single language, showing distinct ways of communicating similar meanings. When including contextually relevant social interactions and how to teach them, it is helpful to incorporate Sykes et al.'s (2020) IPIC model, which regards the pragmatic knowledge, awareness, subjectivity, and analysis of communicative interactions cross-culturally. I created lesson plans and developed resources—that could potentially benefit students and teachers of language—for introducing language change, cultural norms, and more.
For my first artifact, I have chosen a lesson plan I created in LT 538: Pragmatics. This activity was created by my classmate, Ester Angulo Palazzo, and I. This lesson plan was created for intermediate-level English language learners who attend a university in South Korea. This lesson plan incorporates commonly used compliments often used in North American English by introducing the pragmatics functions and situational contexts that affect the phrasal structures when complimenting others. Learning objectives for this lesson were created with the IPIC model to ensure that learning involved all four aspects of pragmatic understanding (Sykes et al., 2020). Because language transfer is always possible when learning a new language (Jarvis & Golden, 2017), my partner and I included learners' L1 by developing an activity where students are asked to create compliments in their L1 and then practice in their L2. This task was chosen to combat negative L1 transfer. According to Solodka et al. (2019), negative and positive L1 transfer can occur when learning complex pragmatic functions such as compliments. It can be helpful to bring learners' awareness to the differences in language systems and rules when teaching a new lesson due to the possibility of negative transfer.
For my second artifact, I decided to use my comparative context analysis paper that I had written in LT 534: Language in Context. In this paper, I compared two teaching contexts that I was interested in. Those contexts taught English language learners in Japan at the university level and middle school students in Thailand. Writing this paper helped me distinguish the affordances and constraints in two language teaching contexts I debated pursuing for work. I noticed that teaching contexts can have many similarities and differences cross-culturally. Something I liked about the teaching context in Thailand is the addition of culturally-specific knowledge into the curriculum—“This phenomenon necessitates a more rigorous English language education among Southeast Asia … with the kind of English ability to effectively and appropriately interact and communicate with people from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds." (Lee, Ho, & Chen, 2023, p. 1-2). Due to my social science background, I practice and encourage introducing cultural aspects of language learning into a classroom, which is what brought my attention to the school systems in Thailand. Also, introducing intercultural communication has become helpful for English language learners, leading to the implementation of oral communication that has become wanted in the classroom (Yamada, 2014). This showed me how much cultural and overseas influences affect language learning. By implementing a curriculum with numerous aspects of culture and society tied to the English language, learners can develop a more enriched experience in the classroom. While I am very glad to have received a job position in the context of East Asia, I would love to work one day in a Southeast Asian context such as Thailand.
While taking LT 538: Pragmatics, I received many opportunities to notice how languages have dynamic systems and how language change occurs based on situational contexts. I created a website with my partner, Ester Angulo Palazzo, for language learners and English, Japanese, and Korean teachers. We collected many online resources that language teachers and learners could use to practice and improve their pragmatic competence. According to Curran et at (2019), using technology as a learning tool can help language learners improve their proficiency; therefore, Ester and I wanted to incorporate tools that teachers and learners could use to improve and aid learners' language output. We used digitally mediated materials, placed them on our website, and categorized them into social media, games, phrases, sentence structures, and more. Each resource collected differs greatly due to the language that it represents. This shows the dynamic nature of languages and the systems that they follow. The resources we collected show differences between Korean, Japanese, and English when creating compliments in sentence structures as well as pragmatic functions. For example, it is more common in Japanese to deny a compliment, whereas in English, it is more common to accept one. In Korean, it tended to be in the middle of accepting and denying compliments. The website also includes additional materials that may interest you, including academic resources, resources for teachers specifically, and lesson plan ideas. Please see the link below.
https://sites.google.com/view/compliments-eng-krn-jpn/learner-resources-URL
For the fourth artifact, I decided on the resource collection project I created for LT 539: Pronunciations. For this assignment, I collected resources and created a miniature guide for teaching EFL to university students in Japan. In this project, I refer to Celce-Murcia et al. (2010) 5-step communicative framework to create example lesson plans for teaching segmental and suprasegmental features that vary in time, ranging from 10 minutes to 50 minutes long. This framework helps teachers develop activities that can assist learners in pronouncing segmental and suprasegmental features. These features are systematic and follow patterns. Discussing suprasegmental and segmental lesson plans can show an aspect of the English language and its system. These patterns can be shared between languages, and they can differ. This paper also has online resources that teachers and students could use to practice and learn English pronunciation techniques. These resources consist of helpful blogs and digital tools that can help learners understand how different sounds are produced and how you can teach them to others.
I learned that language can be a dynamic system with many contributing parts through the completion of this LTS program. Languages are dynamic but also systematic. I saw how cultural changes and variations across a language are essential to understand and implement in language teaching. I hope to bring this knowledge into the classroom and create lessons that deepen cultural awareness and knowledge about the continuously changing language system.
References
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D., & Goodwin, J. M. (2010). Teaching pronunciation: A reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
Cook, V. (1999). Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), 185–209.
Curran, V., Gustafson, D. L., Simmons, K., Lannon, H., Wang, C., Garmsiri, M., & Wetsch, L. (2019). Adult learners’ perceptions of self-directed learning and digital technology usage in continuing professional education: An update for the digital age. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 25(1), 74-93.
Jarvis, S., & Golden, A. (2017). Transfer: An overview with an expanded scope. Crosslinguistic influence and distinctive patterns of language learning, pp. 12–28.
Lee, Ho, Y.-C., & Chen, C.-H. (2023). Integrating intercultural communicative competence into an online EFL classroom: an empirical study of a secondary school in Thailand. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 8(1), 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00174-1
Solodka, A., Perea, L., & Romanchuk, N. (2019). Interlanguage Development of English Complimenting Speech Acts: Strategies of Performance. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume, 10.
Sykes, J. M., Malone, M. M., Forrest, L., & Sağdıç, A. (2020). Affordances of digital simulations to measure communicative success. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_90-2
Yamada, M. (2014). The Role of English Teaching in Modern Japan: Diversity and multiculturalism through English language education in a globalized era (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814261