Stage design began in Ancient Greece with simple props and the natural world around where the play was taking place. The natural environment around the stage, such as a forest or a river, would serve as background for scenes or locations from which characters had traveled from. The stage itself would often have a skene, a tent and later wooden or stone buildings from which the actors could enter and exit from that would serve as a changing area. This skene would often have a door or several doors that would allow actors to enter and exit from. The skene could also have real buildings and architectural items such as windows, doors, pillars, and alcoves. Skenes would often have many doors for actors to enter from and could also have platforms above the stage which would allow actors to set themselves apart to play “gods” when called for. The skene would also often have painted panels that would serve as the background for the plays. These panels could often display buildings, temples, or landscapes. These paintings often made use of early perspective allowing for the buildings and temples to appear real.
An ekkyklema was a wooden platform on wheels that was able to be taken off and on set. It was often used to display murder victims or victims of violent acts as violent scenes could not be performed in front of an audience in ancient theater. The image "Ekkyklema" offers a visual representation of how an ekkyklema might have been used as well as other set pieces.
Other moving set pieces included the periaktos (plural: periaktoi) which was introduced during the Hellenistic period. These set pieces were a set of 3 paintings joined into a triangle that was on a wooden shaft. They could be moved to display different settings and were often placed on the ends of the stage.
Another important set piece was the mechane which would lift actors and statues above the audience and the stage to make the actor larger and appear to be flying or floating.
Along with these moving set pieces more basic, less specific item were also used when the script needed it like furniture, statues, graves, or fabrics.
Lauracorominas, “Ekkyklema”, image, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Nov 16, 2017
For further information into the ruins of ancient theaters and the evolution from Greek to Roman theaters visit: https://ancienttheatrearchive.com/
Lauracorominas, “Ekkyklema”, image, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Nov 16, 2017. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ekkyklema_.gif. Sept 25 2024
Ley, G. (2006). The Theater - Sceneography. In A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater: Revised Edition (pp. 17–25). essay, University of Chicago Press. https://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=fg45mxkcz2wC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Set+Design+in+ancient+greece+plays&ots=zxCs1KUhX3&sig=qebWYfyUx85ehL8LA2kV4aEk5g w#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed Sept 23 2024.
Struck, Peter T. “The Greek Theater Evolution and Influence.” Greek & Roman Mythology - Greek Tragedy, 2020, www2.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tragedy/index.php?page=theater.
“The Theater of Dionysus Eleuthera Hellenistic Reconstruction (cs. 160 BCE)”. Photo. Dionysus Theatre Archeological Site, Athens, Greece, 2006 https://ancienttheatrearchive.com/theatre/athens-dionysos/. Sept 25 2024
“What Do We Know about Scenography?” Αρχαίο Θέατρο Στο Κύκλο Του Χρόνου...., ancienttheater.culture.gr/en/parastaseis-arxaiotita/item/102-ti-gnwrizoume-gia-tin-skinografia. Accessed 20 Sept. 2024.