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Respiratory Changes
Aging lungs become smaller, and bony changes in the thorax reduce lung distention. This leads to decreased lung capacity and a decline in the diffusing capacity needed for gas exchange. Medications can cause slow, shallow breathing. Age-related changes in the respiratory system are subtle and gradual. Healthy older adults can usually compensate for these changes. However, when stressors such as illness and anesthesia place extra demands on the body, changes in overall function of the respiratory system may be observed (Miller, 2004). Clinical Alert. Observe for shortness of breath, especially with exertion. Observe the patient’s respiratory rate and effort, skin color, and pulse rate. Place older patients in an upright position when they show respiratory distress. When taking chest x-rays, tell patients to take two deep breaths and hold the third to get the deepest inspiration. Activity tolerance may be limited, so provide rest periods.
Gastrointestinal Changes
Teeth may be worn or missing, making chewing food difficult. Appetite may be affected by decreased taste and smell, and slower gastric emptying can produce early satiety. The entire gastrointestinal tract slows. Constipation is a common problem because of slowed peristalsis, reduced abdominal muscle strength, inadequate exercise, and reduced food and fluid intake (Prather, 2000). Clinical Alert. There is increased risk of stool impaction and bowel obstruction. When performing imaging examinations in the abdominal region, ask the patient about bowel habits and last movement. Be especially diligent with post examination instructions for barium and other contrast studies because of the probability of constipation.
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