modules

os for operating systems

collections for advanced data structures

string for string operations

logging to log information testing software

subprocess to run terminal commands

help('modules')

help('modul name')

https://docs.python.org/3/py-modindex.html

install

modules need to be installed

import modul_name #imports the modul 'modul_name'

from modul_name import function #imports only a function from a package or modul

  from modul_name import func1, func2 #imports only functions func1 and func2 from a package or modul

functions

.date #creates a yyyy-mm-dd date

functions

.chdir() #changes the directory

.getcwd() #gets the current working directory

attributes

.environ #gives the local environment

math

• sqrt

• etc.

statistics

• mode

• mean

• etc.

libraries hold a collection of moduls

install

pip install the_libary #installs the library

pip stands for preferred installer program

import

after a library is installen, we can import the moduls

from the_libary import the_modul #imports the modul from the library

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-collections-module/

Counter()

  from collections import Counter

defaultdict()

  from collections import defaultdict

.most_common()

namedtuple()

  from collections import namedtuple

namedtuple

from collections import namedtuple

naming follows normally PascalCase viz. CapWord

syntax examples

SpeciesDetails = namedtuple("SpeciesDetails", ['species', 'sex', 'body_mass'])

syntax examples

print(Counter([item["Property"] for item in items_dict]))