N2v is a neuron located on the ventral surface of the buccal ganglia. It has projections down the post buccal nerve and across the buccal commissure to the contralateral buccal ganglion. N2v is a rasp phase central pattern generator interneuron. N2v is electrically couple with rasp phase interneurons N2m and N2d. N2v produces conditional plateau potentials, potentially due to the presence of acetyl choline. N2v activity triggers rasp phase activity on feeding interneurons and motoneurons. N2v, as a core member of the feeding CPG, is active during both ingestion and egestion feeding cycles. N2v is glutamatergic.
References
Benjamin, P.R., 2012. Distributed network organization underlying feeding behavior in the mollusk Lymnaea. Neural Syst Circuits 2, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-2-4
Benjamin, P.R., Crossley, M., 2020. “Gastropod Feeding Systems: Evolution of Neural Circuits that Generate Diverse Behaviors” in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.
Brierley, M.J., Staras, K., Benjamin, P.R., 1997. Behavioral function of glutamatergic interneurons in the feeding system of Lymnaea: plateauing properties and synaptic connections with motor neurons. J Neurophysiol 78, 3386–3395. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3386
Brierley, M.J., Yeoman, M.S., Benjamin, P.R., 1997. Glutamate is the transmitter for N2v retraction phase interneurons of the Lymnaea feeding system. J Neurophysiol 78, 3408–3414. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3408
Brierley, M.J., Yeoman, M.S., Benjamin, P.R., 1997. Glutamatergic N2v cells are central pattern generator interneurons of the lymnaea feeding system: new model for rhythm generation. J Neurophysiol 78, 3396–3407. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3396
Crossley, M., Benjamin, P.R., Kemenes, G., Staras, K., Kemenes, I., 2023. A circuit mechanism linking past and future learning through shifts in perception. Sci Adv 9, eadd3403. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add3403
Crossley, M., Simon, A., Marathe, S., Rau, C., Roth, A., Marra, V., Staras, K., 2025. Functional mapping of the molluscan brain guided by synchrotron X-ray tomography. PNAS.
Crossley, M., Staras, K., Kemenes, G., 2018. A central control circuit for encoding perceived food value. Sci Adv 4, eaau9180. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau9180
Straub, V.A., Staras, K., Kemenes, G., Benjamin, P.R., 2002. Endogenous and network properties of Lymnaea feeding central pattern generator interneurons. J Neurophysiol 88, 1569–1583. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1569
Vavoulis, D.V., Straub, V.A., Kemenes, I., Kemenes, G., Feng, J., Benjamin, P.R., 2007. Dynamic control of a central pattern generator circuit: a computational model of the snail feeding network. Eur J Neurosci 25, 2805–2818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05517.x
Vehovszky A, null, Elliott, C.J., 2001. Activation and reconfiguration of fictive feeding by the octopamine-containing modulatory OC interneurons in the snail Lymnaea. J Neurophysiol 86, 792–808. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.792