Autism

What is it?

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder of the central nervous system, which often first appears as delayed speech in children around 18 months of age. The disorder usually exists at birth and can usually be reliably diagnosed by the time the child is three years old.

Autism is one type of ASD that appears in early childhood — usually before age three. About 0.15-0.2% children are autistic and boys are more likely to develop autism than girls.

Children with ASD develop normally into adults. However, they continue to suffer from impaired social communication, interaction and affinity for repetitive actions.

Majority of children with ASD are mentally retarded, with most requiring supervision at home and work. Although some will have residual psychological problems (anxiety and depression) or seizures, most enjoy a normal life expectancy,

Autism may improve as the child matures and some may improve with appropriate and specific education and/therapy . Some eventually lead normal or near-normal lives.

Cause

In most cases, no cause can be identified. Genetics play an important role, although autism may occur with age, education and social environment.

Treatment Options

With appropriate education and support, children with ASD can develop communication and interaction skills to become independent adults and lead productive lives.

Therapies do NOT cure autism, although they bring about marked improvement.

Medication may help reduce self-injurious behaviour or associated conditions such as epilepsy.

Therapy

Educational or behaviour therapy develops an autistic child’s social and language skills through highly structured and customised training. Some of these therapies include:

Speech and Language Therapy

• Assesses a child’s receptive and expressive speech as well as language skills

• Evaluates and teaches communication skills

Occupational Therapy

• Evaluates fine motor skills

• Aims to help child achieve age-appropriate fine motor and pre-writing skills

• Helps reduce sensory sensitivities

Physical Therapy

• Useful for those with poor muscle tone, co-ordination and balance

Structured Teaching (TEACCH Program)

The emphasis of the programme is using skills that the children already possess and helping them to live independently and take part in community activities.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

This is best used for those who either does not speak properly or are unable to communicate using words.

Social Stories (Carol Gray)

This teaches children desirable behaviour through specific stories with themes important to the child’s life.

Sensory Integration Therapy

The child may have problems with sensory modulation, which means the child either over- or under-reacts to sensations. Sensory Integration will help the child to process facts at successive levels, using various methods such as a sensory diet, deep pressure and brushing.