Publications

Lee, S-M., Ahn, T., & Wu, G. (2026). Self-regulated speaking with AI-empowered NPCs in VR. Educational Technology & Society. (SSCI)

Bang, J., Lee, S-M., & Kim, N-J. (2026). Toward Trustworthy AI in Education: Stakeholders’ Risk Perceptions in Korea’s AI Digital Textbook Implementation . Educational Technology & Society. (SSCI)

Lee, S-M. & Bang, J. (2025). Personalized learning through AI: From rule-based systems to AI mentors.  Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 28(4), ##. (KCI)

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2025). Trends in Cultural Technologies With AI-XR Integrated Kinetic Media. AI-XR 통합형 키네틱 미디어를 활용한 문화 기술 동향. Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers, 43(8), 15-22. 

Xian, J., S-M, Lee, & Wu, G. (2025). Modeling the evolution of virtual reality in nursing education: A BERTopic-based analysis of research trends and future directions. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 425-226. (SCIE)

Lestino, R., & Lee, S-M. (2025). The impact of iVR-based debate on college students’ L2 speaking skills and anxiety. JALT-CALL.  (SCOPUS)

Lee, S., Won, M., Lee, S-M., & Km, N. (2025). A Study on Metadata Strategies for the Educational Materials of King Sejong Institute. 세종학당 교육자료의 메타데이터화 방안 연구. 디지털콘텐츠학회논문지, 26(8), 2155-2167. (KCI)

Lee, S-M, & Hwang, Y. (2025). Curriculum-based GTP model development and evaluation for customized English reading material creation. English Teaching, 80(4), 00-00.

Teng, M., Zi, Y., Lee, S-M., & Wu, G. (in press).  Multimodal composition as a catalyst for technology self-efficacy. International Journal of Applied Linguistics. (SCOPUS)

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2025). A framework for social impact assessment of AI-powered systems in education. 인공지능 기반 교육 시스템의 사회적 영향 평가 프레임워크 연구. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 1-21. http://doi.10.15702/mall.2025.28.1.1 (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2025). Explore and experience London: Learning literature and culture through immersive virtual reality in the EFL classroom. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 13539–13563  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13341-x (SSCI)

Lee, S-M., & Ahn, T. (2025). L2 learner experiences in a playful constructivist metaverse space. ReCALL, 37(1), 129-145.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344024000235  (SSCI & A&HCI) 

Lee, S-M., & Kim, S-Y. (2025). Preservice teachers' learning by design through space construction in the metaverse. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(1), 208-230.  https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13493  (SSCI) 

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2025).  A risk management framework for AI in education. 교육 분야 AI 활용을 위한 리스크 관리 프레임워크에 관한 연구. Future Studies, 10(1), 47-83.

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2025). Trends in metaverse content development using Generative AI. 생성형 AI를 활용한 메타버스 콘텐츠 개발 동향. Broadcast and Media Magazine, 30(1), 1-37. 

Lee, S-M., & Maeng, U. (2025). Proposing teaching models for AI digital textbooks in English education. 영어과 AI 디지털 교과서 교수·학습 모형 제안 연구. Secondary English Education, 18(2), 41-69. (KCI)

Lestino, R., & Lee, S-M. (2025, in print). The impact of iVR-based debate on college students’ L2 speaking skills and anxiety. JALT-CALL. (SCOPUS)

Kim, M., & Lee, S-M. (2025). The impact of students' digital literacy on L2 learning outcomes and experience in immersive virtual reality. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 26(3), 599-610. (KCI)

Han, S., & Lee, S-M. (2025). Effects of a metaverse learning environment on learners' perceptions and cognitive-affective domains in elementary English education. The Educational Research for Tomorrow, 38(1),  79-99. http://doi.org/10.35283/erft.2025.38.1.4(KCI)

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2024). Addressing bias for equity in AI-driven customized learning systems. 인공지능 기반 학습자 맞춤형 교육을 위한 형평성과 편향성 연구. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 27(4), 70-86. (KCI)

Hwang, Y., & Lee, S-M. (2024). Can we go to Tower Bridge?”: Teaching British culture from text to immersive realities. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2024.2439406 (SSCI)

Lee, S-M., & Wu, G-J. (2024). Preparing teachers for the future: Microteaching in the immersive VR environment. ReCALL, 36(3), 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344024000089 (SSCI, A&HCI)

Lee, S-M., & Kang, N. (2024). Effects of using machine translation on L2 writing in fluency, accuracy and complexity. Language Learning & Technology, 28(1), 1-19. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73585 (SSCI) 

Lee, S-M., Wang, X., Park, I., & Lestiono, R. (2024). It feels so real! Situated authentic language learning in immersive virtual reality. Education and Information Technologies. FirstView. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12807-8  (SSCI)

Wang, X., & Lee, S-M. (2024). The impact of video dubbing app on Chinese college students’ oral language skills across different proficiency levels. International Journal of Educational Research. https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1kD7j38nswkt4G (SSCI) 

Wu, G-J., Zhang, D., Lee, S-M., & Xian, J. (2024). Game on! Digital Gaming and Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality in Language Learning. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 15(1), 1-15. http:// 10.4018/IJCALLT.367601 (SCOPUS) 

Lestiono, R., & Lee, S-M. (2024). Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing students' public speaking anxiety: A systematic review. JALT-CALL, 20(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v20n2.1515  (SCOPUS) 

Lee, S-M. (2024). Exploring secondary students' experience with a speaking app through playful constructivism and self-directed learning. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 26(2), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.15702/mall.2024.27.2.46(KCI)

Bang, J., & Lee, S-M. (2024). The influence and measures of digital jealousy in the social metaverse. 소셜 메타버스에서의 디지털 질투의 영향과 측정.  Journal of Broadcasting Engineering, 29(5), 535-545. https://doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2024.29.5.535 (KCI)

Hong, S., Hwang, Y., Park, Y., & Lee, S-M. (2024). Expectations and concerns about adopting AI digital textbooks: Based on investigation of teachers’ use of AI and digital tools. AI 디지털교과서 도입의 기대와 우려: AI 및 디지털 도구 활용 실태 조사를 기반으로.  The Modern Linguistic Society of Korea, 40(1), 7-20. http://doi.10.18627/jslg.40.1.202405.7 (KCI)

Park, Y., Lee, S-M, Hong, S., & Hwang, Y. (2024). A grounded theory on AI-based teacher supporting platform. AI 교사지원 플랫폼에 관한 근거이론. Journal of Korean Association for Educational Information and Media, 30(3), 1005-1034. https://doi.org/10.15833/KAFEIAM.30.3.1005 (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2023). Second language learning through an emergent narrative in a narrative-rich customizable metaverse platform. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 16(6), 1071–1081.  https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3267563  (SCI, SSCI)

Lee, S-M. (2023). The effectiveness of machine translation in foreign language education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(1–2),  103–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1901745 (SSCI, A&HCI)

Lee, S-M., Wu, G-J., & Zi, Y. (2023). Live, play, and Learn: Language learner engagement in the immersive VR environment. Education & Information Technologies.  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-023-12215-4. (SSCI) 

Wu, G-J., Zhang, D., & Lee, S-M. (2023). Into the brave new metaverse: Envisaging future language teaching and learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 17, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3259470  (SCI, SSCI)

Lee, S-M., & Wu, G-J. (2023). Teaching with immersive virtual reality: Perceptions of Korean trainee teachers. International Journal of Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.334362  (SCOPUS) 

Lee, S-M. (2023). Factors affecting incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition and retention in a game-enhanced learning environment. ReCALL, 35(3), 274 - 289. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344022000209 (SSCI, A&HCI)

Lee, S-M. (2022). Different effects of machine translation on L2 revisions across students’ L2 writing proficiency levels. Language Learning & Technology, 26(1), 1-21. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73490  (SSCI)

Lee, S-M. (2022). An investigation of machine translation output quality and the influencing factors of source texts. ReCALL, 34(1), 81-94. https://doi:10.1017/S0958344021000124  (SSCI, A&HCI)

Lee, S-M.(2022). A systematic review of context-aware technology use in foreign language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(3), 294-318. https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/HKXXAX4JQ28IGICJZXR8/full?target=10.1080/09588221.2019.1688836  (SSCI, A&HCI) 

Lee, S-M. (2022). Factors affecting the quality of online learning in a task-based college course. Foreign Language Annals, 55, 116-134.  http://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12572 (SSCI)

Park, Nayeon & Lee, Sangmin. (2022). Improved Deep Knowledge Tracing AI Model added with spacing effect. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 25, (4), 222-236. (KCI) http://journal.kamall.or.kr/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Park+Lee_25_4_09.pdf  

Lee, Sangmin, & Ahn, Tae youn. (2022). Middle school students' interactional behaviors and perception of English speaking activities in metaverse. Secondary English Education, 15(3), 25-44. (KCI)

Lee, Sangmin. (2022). Korean middle school students’ perceptions and behaviors in using machine translation. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 25(3), 146-164. (KCI)

Hong, S., Lee, S., & Ahn, T. (2022). Exploring Features facilitating learning in the metaverse. Journal of Korean Game Society, 22(3), 71-82. (KCI)

Lee, Sangmin. (2022). Students’ evaluations of English-language learning mobile apps between 2016 and 2020. Studies in Foreign Language Education, 36(3), 133-150. (KCI)

Lee, S-M., & Ahn, T-Y. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ learning experience of using a virtual practicum simulation with AI learners. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 24(4), 107-133. doi: 10. 15702/mall.2021.24.4.107 (KCI)  

Lee, S-M., & Briggs, N. (2021). Effects of using machine translation to mediate the revision process of Korean university students’ academic writing. ReCALL, 33(1), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344020000191 (SSCI, A&HCI)

Chun, H, Lee, S-M., & Park, I. (2021). A systematic review of AI technology use in English education. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 24(1), 87-103. (KCI)

Lee, S-M., & Park, M. (2020). Reconceptualization of the context in language learning with a location-based AR app. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(8), 936-959.https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1602545  (SSCI, A&HCI). 

Lee, S-M. (2020). The impact of using machine translation on EFL students’ writing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1553186  (SSCI, A&HCI)

Hong, S., Ahn, T-Y., & Lee, S-M. (2020). Application of computer-based lesson designing system for differentiated for pre-service teacher training. Teacher Education Research, 59(4), 497-510. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2020). Error analysis and the quality evaluation of neural-network machine translation. Studies in Foreign Language Education, 34(4), 129-153. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2020). Middle school pre-service and in-service teachers’ attitude toward the 4th Industry Revolution technologies and future English education. Studies in Foreign Language Education, 34(3), 29-57. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2019). Her Story or their own stories? Digital game-based learning, student creativity, and creative writing. ReCALL, 31(3), 238-254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344019000028  (SSCI, A&HCI) 

Lee, S-M. (2019). Korean college students’ perceptions toward the effectiveness of machine translation on L2 revision . Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 22(4), 206-225. (KCI)

 Maeng, U., & Lee, S-M. (2019). Secondary teacher motivation: Developing a motivational strategy evaluation questionnaire and the behavior of using motivational strategies. Secondary English Education, 12(2), 53-77. (KCI)

 Kim, N., & Lee, S-M. (2019). Middle school students’ perceptions towards the effectiveness of the free-year program. Studies in Foreign Language Education, 33(2), 161-187. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2017). Construction of meaning in students' multimodal hypertext writing. Modern English Education, 18(2), 47-69. DOI: 10.18095/meeso.2017.18.2.01 (KCI)

Mo, S., & Lee, S-M. (2017). The relationships among the presences of community of Inquiry and the perceptions of EFL college students in online learning. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 20(2), 11-35. (KCI)

 Ahn, T. & Lee, S-M. (2016). User experience of a mobile speaking application with automatic speech recognition for EFL learners. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 778-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12354 (SSCI)

Maeng, E., & Lee, S-M. (2015). EFL teachers' behavior of using motivational strategies: The case of teaching in the Korean context. Teaching and Teacher Education, 46, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.010 (SSCI)

 Lee, S-M. (2014). The relationships between higher order thinking skills, cognitive density, and social presence in online learning, Internet and Higher Education, 21, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.12.002 (SSCI, JCR)

 Lee, S-M. (2014). Grammatical error patterns in EFL students’ writing across different language proficiency levels, Foreign Languages Education, 21(1), 1-29.

 Lee, S-M, & Kang, M. (2013). Evaluation of elementary English E-learning contents. Pan-Korea English Teachers, 25(3), 325-346. (KCI)

 Lee, S-M. (2012). Networked computer-supported intentional vocabulary learning: Make it active and interactive. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 15(4), 81-102. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2012). Writing technologies and hypertext relay writing: Fostering collaborative writing. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 15(2), 121-141. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2011). Beyond the classroom: Videoconferencing English class in the study centers. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 14(3), 109-132. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2011). A new convergence medium: IPTV in the English classrooms. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning. 14(1), 95-120. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2010). Effective roles of native and Korean English teachers in the videoconferencing classrooms. Primary English Education, 16(3), 235-258. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2010). A blog space for autonomous learning. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 13(1), 30-55. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2010). Secondary English teachers' technology proficiencies and a technology training model for English teachers. Foreign Languages Education, 17(2), 1-26. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2009). Evaluation of English learning programs on EBSe. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 12(3), 117-137. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2009). Exploring the writing and editing patterns of the different language proficiency groups on a wiki. Foreign Languages Education, 16(3), 95-122. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2009). Implementing the concept of scaffolding in an online learning environment for EFL learners. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 12(1), 81-102. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2008). Exploring the potential of a web-based writing instructional program and AES: An empirical study using My Access. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 11(2), 103-125. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2008). The impact of wikis on EFL students’ writing and revision in a college academic course. Foreign Languages Education, 15(3), 1-25. (KCI)

Cho, S., Lee, S-M., Kim, J., Koh, B., & Jung, E. (2008). A development model of web-based English language learning programs. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 11(1), 213-238. (KCI)

 Lim, C., & Lee, S-M. (2007). Pedagogical usability checklist for ESL/EFL E-learning websites. Journal of Convergence Information Technology, 2(3), 67-76. 

 Lee, S-M., & Kim, N. (2007). Syntactic and lexical variation in rhetorical tasks of low-intermediate EFL college students. English Teaching, 62(3), 357-373. (KCI) 

Lee, S-M. (2006). Exploring a project-based holistic approach to EFL writing. Foreign Languages Education, 13(2), 381-405. (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2006). Technology in EFL whole language classrooms. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 9(2), 154-173.  (KCI)

Lee, S-M. (2005). Translating constructivism into EFL classrooms through the use of technology. Multimedia Assisted Language Learning, 8(1), 220-249. (KCI)

 Lee, S-M. (2005). Electronic spaces as an alternative classroom discussions and writing in secondary English classrooms. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(3), 25-46. 

 Lee, S-M. (2004). Electronic spaces as a new writing and sharing arena. Multimedia Assisted Language Teaching, 7(2), 165-195. (KCI)

[Ongoing project, Monograph] Wu, J. G., & Lee, S. M. (2026). The Metaverse and Language Education. Cambridge University Press. 

Lee, S-M., & Bang, J. (2025). Transforming language education through AI: Artificial intelligence digital textbook. In Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching-The Case of Korea (Eds, H. Reinders, J-S. Lee & J. Park). Palgrave Macmillan.

Wu, G-J., & Lee, S-M. (2025). Immersive literacy. New Literacies and language Education. In  Palgrave Macmillan Encyclopaedia of CALL (Eds, L. McCallum & D. Tafazoli). Palgrave Macmillan.  

Lee, S-M., & Kang, N. (2025). Middle school EFL students' perceptions of machine translation use and factors influencing machine translation use. In  Insights into AI and Language Teaching and Learning (Eds, Y. Wang , A. Alm  & G. Dizon). Castledown Publishers.  

Lee, S-M. (2025). L2 vocabulary learning with an AI chatbot: From linguistic, affective, and cognitive perspectives. In Theory and practice in vocabulary research in digital environments (Eds,  M. F. Teng, A. Kukulska-Hulme & J. G. Wu, pp.115-131). Routledge. 

Lee, S-M. (2022). L2 learners' strategies for using machine translation as a personalized writing assisting tool. In Personalization, contextualization, and socialization (Eds. J. Colpaert & G. Stockwell, pp. 184-206). London: Castledown Publishers. https://doi.org/10.29140/9781914291012

Lee, S-M., & Han, S.Y. 이상민 & 한승연.(2020). Online teaching strategies in the remote learning era (언택트시대의 교수법: 온라인수업 전략).  Seoul, Korea: Paper & Tree Co. 

Sung, K-W., Kim, H., Maeng, E-K., Ahn, TY., & Lee, S-M. (2019). Curriculum, Materials & Instruction for EFL teachers (영어교과 교재연구 및 지도법). Seoul, Korea: Paper & Tree Co.

Lee, BM. et al. (2024). Middle school English. (동아출판 중학영어교과서). Dong-A Publishing.

Lee, S-M., et al. (2021). Studying strategies in online learning(온라인 수업시대 성적이 오르는 아이의 공부법). Seoul, Korea: Nexus.

Lee, S-M., & Kim, S. 이상민 &썬킴. (2019). 100 English words with interesting stories (스토리가 있는 영단어 100). Seoul, Korea: Apple Tree Publishing. 

Lee, S-M. (2017). Creativity and English Education (창의력 영어). Seoul, Korea: Paper & Tree Co.

Lee, B., Lee., S-M., C., Kim, & M. Koh. (2017, 2018, 2019). Middle School English, Grade 1, 2, 3(중학영어 교과서). Seoul, Korea: Dong-A Publishing. 

Lee, S-M. (Ed.) (2013). After-School English, Grade 1-9. Seoul, Korea: EBS.

Lee, S-M. (2013). Middle School English Textbook, Grade 1, 2, & 3. (중학영어 교과서) Seoul, Korea: Miarae& Publishing.

Lee, S-M. (2013). Middle School English Activity Book: Grade 1, 2, & 3. Seoul, Korea: Miarae& Publishing.

Lee, S-M. (2010). Elementary School English Textbook: Grade, 3 & 4. Seoul, Korea: Hansol Publishing.

Lee, S-M. (2009). English for Cyber Homeschooling, Grade, 1 & 2. Seoul, Korea: KERIS.

Lee, S-M. (2009). Middle School English Textbook, Grade 1, 2, & 3. Seoul, Korea: Daehan Textbook Publishing.

11.   Lee, S-M. (2009). Middle School English Activity Book, Grade 1, 2, & 3. Seoul, Korea: Daehan Textbook Publishing.