Slavery hugely imbalanced the population mix in western Africa. Because slavers wanted male slaves more than female ones, the slave trade encouraged polygamous relationships and discouraged monogamy because there were many more women than men. Slavery spread disease, as populations mixed in warfare and along the coast. Slavery spread starvation, as slave-raiding parties burned granaries, scattered farmers and torched farms. Slavery disrupted trade, as it crowded out the non-slave trade and discouraged conventional exchanges in things like cotton.

Henry Bibb used the experience of his enslavement and his escape to educate the masses about the evils of its trade. Born in Shelby County in 1815 he first attempted to escape captivity at the age of 10. At age 29 he succeeded to free himself, settling in Detroit, and began lecturing on anti-slavery. His autobiography The Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb: An American Slave became one of the most popular enslavement narratives prior to the Civil War. In 1851, having fled again, this time to Canada, Bibb published Canada's FIRST Black newspaper, the Voice of the Fugitive, which was instrumental in organizing abolitionists, helping Black US immigrants form new community, and educating white Canadians about anti-slavery activism. Around the same time he developed the Refugee Home Society Settlement, purchasing nearly 2,000 acres of land which was sold to former enslaved African Americans in 25 acre lots on easy terms and provided solidarity, goods, tools, training, protection from slave hunters, and children's education.


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Starting in the 1970s, a pioneering generation of African filmmakers from Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Senegal, and Mauritania made several important and influential films about the history of transatlantic slavery. Those dramatic fictional films are, in chronological order: Ceddo (directed by Ousmane Sembene, Senegal, 1977), A Deusa Negra/Black Goddess (directed by Ola Balogun, Nigeria, 1978), West Indies: the Fugitive Slaves of Liberty (directed by Med Hondo, Mauritania, 1979), and Sankofa (directed by Haile Gerima, Ethiopia and Ghana, 1993).

Trusted by her king (John Boyega), Nanisca hopes to convince him to stop selling their people in the European and American slave trade and instead focus on agricultural projects like palm oil to fund their kingdom. But that suggestion proves even more difficult when Portuguese slave trader (Hero Fiennes Tiffin) and his associate (Jordan Bolger) prove pulling out of such a lucrative business is not only a financial risk, but a security risk as well. Now the Agojie are not only fighting rival forces, but are also fighting the status quo and trying to make their kingdom stand apart from the rest in Africa.

If you let people sell/trade/give illegal things from your property/house, that's a crime. Unless you want to imply that a store can legally be a front for sex slaves or drugs without breaking any laws, that is.

Rob Wiblin: I was listening to this history of India. A long series of lectures, like 20 or 30 hours. Anyway, I got to the 18th century, 19th century when the English East India Company was initially creating trading ports on the coast in India. And then over time, they started just invading parts of India, basically. And playing local princes against one another in order to just take over and govern, like a government, more and more parts of India.

1. Anyone on earth would decide to write a play about the "founding father" whose actions were most deleterious in the history of the United States, in my opinion, during what I consider to be one of the most extremely boring time periods when only focused on the elites. If it had a single black character, perhaps a slave describing their reality, this would have made a great difference. As it is, it serves to validate the whitewash of early American herstory literally in blackface.

I know Miranda has said that he cast minorities to reflect todays world. But the real genius of this is that it turns the story on its head. Every scene is a statement about racism and the contradictions it has created in U.S. society. I don't see black and Hispanic men and women "playing white". I see the a show that points out the sad irony of a Jefferson who had son's who were black (like the actor). All the while he is advocating for slavery. That irony is important to the narrative. Who is American? How can we in modern America reconcile race and our history. Is putting minorities in positions of power enough?

As a Native American playwright/composer. I have not seen the show nor read "Hamilton." However, what I 've read, indicates another revision of history to eliminate the true story of murder, enslavement, rape and theft of native lands that benefitted not only the American Colonist, but the African slave. There is no greater emblem of "White superiority" than the doctrine of "Manifest Destiny" used to justify the horrific treatment of America's first people. The injustices of racism and feminism pale in comparison.

"It's a complicated answer...My only trouble with doing it on Broadway is (music) keys. Because changing keys is a pain. You can actually hear in (his first musical, In the Heights) how tough it is just to write a duet for a guy and a girl to sing together. It's a challenge as a writer for them both to sound good. So that's my trouble...That being said, no one's voice is set in high school. So I'm totally open to women playing founding fathers once this goes into the world. I can't wait to see kick-ass women Jeffersons and kickass women Hamiltons once this gets to schools."

Problem here is you are acting like this is a history textbook, when in reality, Miranda wrote a broadway show about one specific man. He has to tell a cohesive, engaging story that adheres to the truth, but is a compelling narrative that continually engages the audience. Of course slave labor was a part of the founding of our country and of course Jefferson was a racist slave-owner. Both of those things are addressed numerous times in the show, including in one of the cabinet rap battles where Hamilton calls Jefferson out on his opposition to a central banking system by reminding him that his state isn't in debt because of the exploitation of free labor though slavery. But at the end of the day, the show is about Alexander Hamilton. The author of this piece laments that it doesn't pass the Bechdal test, but the show barely strays from the topic of Alexander Hamilton and his influence to begin with. Aaron Burr is the second most present character in the show, and he has one conversation/song in the whole show that isn't about Hamilton - in which he talks about his daughter and legacy he wants to leave her. He then promptly begins talking about Hamilton again once he's done. Hamilton did not own slaves - he was an abolitionist - so it would make no sense to have an enslaved character since everyone in the show is in direct contact with Hamilton on a regular basis. Another character, John Laurens (who was one of Hamilton's best friends) was a very active abolitionist, and he talks about the injustice of using slave labor multiple times. 

And it would be inaccurate to call all of them immigrants. Most of the founding fathers were born on colonial soil. Just because their births predated the constitution doesn't make them immigrants. Hamilton was an immigrant tho, and while it was impossible to not benefit from slave labor at that time (unless you were a slave yourself), he was not personally trying to build his legacy on the work of slaves.

And Hamilton was aware of the ridiculousness of calling for freedom and equality while people were still enslaved. If fact, historians note that Hamilton would often publicly call out those who used slaves but insisted on the importance of freedom for themselves.

The Woman King is not a biography or intended to be a neat history lesson on African women warriors and as such takes full creative license to reimagine the Agojie, threading together the historical realities of slavery, racial, gender, and class violence to fashion a world in which women have not only a female-centered, controlled safe space to live but literal physical and socio-political choice, voice, and visibility within the patriarchal structure of their immediate community and beyond.

I was ready to champion the movie in a TIFF preview, specifically because we get to see an icon like Viola Davis opposite fiery newcomer Thuso Mbedu play women warriors protecting the Kingdom of Dahomey. But then I discovered that the Kingdom of Dahomey was built on selling slaves to Europeans. And the Agoji, the women warriors who are the heroes in The Woman King, were, according to the history books, complicit in that brutal history.

Gazing up at the imposing structure, it occurred to me that there was a relationship between the two purposes of the original Cotton Exchange. One was for wealthy merchants and traders to generate profit from the resources produced by the labour of enslaved people in the West Indies and America. The other was to punish those outside the system of capitalism that flourished alongside colonialism, the slave trade and the Industrial Revolution.

This is the story of Abaco, The Bahamas, and what is arguably the most successful slave revolt in U.S. history. Twitter user @michaelharriot, does a kickass job at breaking down the rich historical knowledge in this story, in a way that really keeps the reader engaged and entertained. be457b7860

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