Description：

Palhinhaea cernua is a type of scrambling or creeping, medium-sized terrestrial fern allies belonging to the family Lycopodiaceae. It is commonly known as Staghorn Clubmoss or Paku Serani in Malay. 

The leaves are spirally arranged, yellowish green colour with firm but soft textures. The species epithet is derived from the Latin word, cernuus meaning nodding, referring to the downward pointing strobili, approximately 0.7 to 1.6 cm long. 

It is distributed widely from Azores to New Zealand in the tropics and subtropics throughout Asia, Central and South America, and the Pacific Islands. In Peninsular Malaysia, this species grows on exposed, nutrient-poor soil, open places, peat or gelam swamp forest, open rocky areas, open ridges and rocky summits on mountains, as well as on bare soil in disturbed habitats. It is traditionally used for funeral or floral decorations and minor medicinal uses (Kiew, 2020).

Description：

Sticherus truncatus is a terrestrial fern forming weak self-supporting thickets or found scrambling upwards through taller vegetation, growing indefinitely in length.

Description：

Asplenium nidus, commonly known as bird’s nest fern or paku langsuir is an epiphytic fern with a short rhizome and large leaves that can grow up to 150 cm long and 20 cm wide (Huxley, 1992).

Genus Asplenium means without spleen and is usually a reference to the fern being used to cure spleen disorders. Species nidus gives the common name "Bird's Nest Fern", as it means "nest of fledglings".

The leaves are edible. In Malaysia, the infusion of the leaves has been used to relieve labour pains and the lotion made from the leaves has been used to treat fever. 

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Pyrrosia piloselloides or known as Sisek naga in Malay, is an epiphytic ferns, which belong to the family Polypodiaceae. The diameter of the rhizome is around 1 mm thick. The fronds are strongly dimorphic, thick and fleshy. The coenosorus (a group of fern sori that have coalesced to look like a single large sorus) appears longitudinal along the edge of the frond. 

It is commonly found growing on trees and shrubs in gardens, oil palm plantations, orchards, on roadside trees and in more open conditions in lowland and hill dipterocarp forest and peat swamp forest. However, it may become a pest when the rhizomes overgrow and smother leafy shoots. 

The distribution of this fern is ranged from northeast India to China and throughout Malesia. Its conservation status in Peninsular Malaysia is Least Concern (Hovenkamp, 2013).

Description：

Peperomia pellucida (also known by common names pepper elder, shining bush plant, crab claw herb, and man to man) is an annual, shallow-rooted herb, usually growing to a height of about 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches), it is characterized by succulent stems, shiny, heart-shaped, fleshy leaves and tiny, dot-like seeds attached to several fruiting spikes. It has a mustard-like odor when crushed.

It has been used as a food item as well as a medicinal herb. Although mostly grown for its ornamental foliage, the entire plant is edible, both cooked and raw.

Ethnomedicinal uses for the plant vary. P. pellucida has been used for treating abdominal pain, abscesses, acne, boils, colic, fatigue, gout, headache, renal disorders, and rheumatic joint pain. In the Philippines, it is one of the 10 medicinal plants endorsed by the Department of Health. It is used to decrease uric acid levels, which is a cause of arthritis and gout.[11] It can be used as a decoction or eaten raw as a salad.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Epipremnum aureum, Money plant is a species in the arum family Araceae, native to Mo'orea in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. The species is a popular houseplant in temperate regions but has also become naturalised in tropical and sub-tropical forests worldwide, including northern South Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Pacific Islands and the West Indies, where it has caused severe ecological damage in some cases. It is commonly known as a money plant in many parts of Asia.

The plant is listed as toxic to cats and dogs by the ASPCA, because of the presence of insoluble raphides. Care should be taken to ensure the plant is not consumed by pets. Symptoms may include oral irritation, vomiting, and difficulty in swallowing.

Due to the calcium oxalate within the plant, it can be mildly toxic to humans as well. Possible side effects from the consumption of E. aureum are atopic dermatitis (eczema) as well as burning and/or swelling of the region inside of and surrounding the mouth. Excessive contact with the plant can also lead to general skin irritation or contact dermatitis.

Usage：

The trunk is used as timber for building houses. The midribs of the leaves can be used to make brooms or cut into short sticks to make skewers for the kitchen and darts for blowpipes. The leaves are also used to thatch roofs and weave baskets. The thick outer husk is a source of fibre that can be used to make doormats, brushes, ropes and carpets. 

The coconut shell can be made into ladles or buttons, or even used as fuel. The oil from the copra can be used for cooking. The water can be used in culture media for growing orchid seedlings or in tissue culture. Both the pith of the stem and the peel of the fruit can be made into fibreboard and insulation panels. The residue left after oil extraction can be used as animal feed.

Usage：

The seed (nut) is chewed by the natives and it stains the lips and teeth red, the excrement is hot and pungent. The seed (nut) is aromatic and astringent and can be addictive. It is used for anaemia, seizures, leucoderma, leprosy and obesity, and as a laxative and ointment for nasal ulcers. In India, the nut is used to treat tapeworms. 

In Borneo, the flowers are traditionally used in medicine as a charm to heal the sick. Chewing the seeds (nuts) causes euphoria, increased alertness, sweating, salivation and increased work capacity, and the alkaloid arecoline found in the nut is responsible for these effects. However, studies have shown an association with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Acute effects of betel nut chewing include asthma, hypotension and tachycardia. 

The husk fibres have been used to make thick boards, fluffy cushions and non-woven fabrics, while the stalks were a useful building material in villages and were widely used for a variety of construction purposes. The tannins in betel nut have traditionally been used for dyeing clothes, as an adhesive in plywood manufacture and for tanning leather for domestic use. The leaves of the betel nut can be used as a fermentation stimulant in industrial alcohol production.

Usage：

Its extremely hard, rot resistant wood is used in fish traps in Borneo.

Usage：

Cyrtostachys renda is a slender and clustering palm with about 3 or more adult stems that can each grow up to 15-20 m high. The stems are about 6-10 cm in diameter with internodes of 15-25 cm long and green with greyish stripes or yellow with somewhat greenish and purplish stripes. Its crown assumes a shuttlecock appearance with 7-10 leaves. The fruits are ellipsoid to ovoid and turn from light green to black when ripe (Heatubun et al., 2009).

This palm is a popular ornamental plant attributed to its bright green stems and striking red to orange crownshaft. It is only found to the west of the Wallace’s Line, occurring in the southern part of Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Naturally, C. renda grows in lowland peat swamp forests, especially in coastal areas (Heatubun et al., 2009). The genus Cyrtostachys is named after its curved inflorescence (in Greek, kyrtos and stachys mean curved and spike, respectively) (NParks Flora & Fauna Web, 2020)

This palm has limited traditional uses; stems are used for flooring and leaves for thatch. It is, however, a highly desirable and widely cultivated ornamental for tropical regions. The outer wood of the stem is hard and used to make darts. 

Description：

Paspalum conjugatum, commonly known as carabao grass or hilo grass, is a tropical to subtropical perennial grass. It is originally from the American tropics, but has been naturalized widely in tropical Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands. 

They are usually unpalatable to cattle, especially in the flowering stage. When grown for forage, they are usually closely cropped continually, to maintain palatability. It is suitable forage for water buffalos, however, hence the common name of "carabao grass" or "buffalo grass". They can be a serious weed among agricultural crops. They are also grown as lawn grass.

Description：

The plant has become naturalized in the Americas, Northern Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to many islands and is listed as an invasive weed in some areas. In addition to outcompeting species for resources, the grass also exhibits allelopathic tendencies. The chemicals it releases as well as the dense mat of vegetation that usually accompanies a cogongrass invasion gives it an advantage over indigenous plants.

It is a highly flammable pyrophyte, and can spread rapidly by colonizing disturbed areas and encouraging more frequent wildfires.

Description：

This plant is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in some areas.

Seeds of E. indica are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low. It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses.

Description：

Chrysopogon aciculatus (syn. Andropogon aciculatus) is a species of grass native to the tropics of Asia, Polynesia, and Australia at low elevations. 

The grass is widely considered an invasive species, but some cultures use it for medicinal purposes.

Description：

The fruit is best eaten fresh or canned. It is also used to make pineapple juice. The fruit is also used to make jam and crystallised fruit. 

In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. 

Description：

The banana, Musa acuminata, is widely consumed around the world. It is known to have many antimicrobial activities and studies show that phenolic compounds are the main contributors to this property.

Description：

Musa × paradisiaca is the accepted name for the hybrid between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. 

Most cultivated bananas and plantains are triploid cultivars either of this hybrid or of M. acuminata alone. Linnaeus originally used the name M. paradisiaca only for plantains or cooking bananas, but the modern usage includes hybrid cultivars used both for cooking and as dessert bananas. Linnaeus's name for dessert bananas, Musa sapientum, is thus a synonym of Musa × paradisiaca.

Description：

The simpor is the national flower of Brunei, and can be found everywhere across the country. 

The flowers bloom on long peduncles facing downwards, 8–13 cm (3.1–5.1 in) wide, and yellow in colour. They are pollinated by bees, small beetles as well as flies that scramble over them. The developed fruit is a star-shaped capsule with 7 or 8 rays, it is pink with white borders. The fruits are eaten by birds and even by monkeys.

The medicinal properties include the leaves and roots being used against inflammations, itch, stomach ache, and recovery after delivery. The storage properties consist of large leaves of the plant being used to wrap food (tempeh or fermented soy bean cake) instead of using a plastic bag and/or the leaves can be shaped into a cone to contain or hold food (rojak). They can be used to attract birds in urban areas and are planted as an ornamental plant.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

In Indonesia, a poultice of finely crushed young shoots is used to treat snake bites, while in Malaysia, a decoction of the whole plant is used as a post-natal tonic. A study has shown that crude aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves have an anti-diabetic efficacy, similar to the known oral synthetic hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide. 

The rough leaves are used to polish small metal articles. Heated and twisted, the stems may be used as durable bindings for fish traps. 

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

The flowers are pollinated by insects and butterflies. The fruits are eaten by birds, especially bulbuls.

The leaves are used for treating body pains, cuts, fever, skin complaints, vertigo, and wounds. A decoction of the shoots is used to treat sores. Body pains, fevers and insomnia is believed to be cured by beating the body with the leafy shoots. The roots are viewed to be antipyretic and diaphoretic, and are used to relieve colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, muscular pain and to induce perspiration. It is also used to treat leucorrhoea, interstinal and uterine cancer.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Elaeocarpus stipularis is found from the Aru Islands in eastern Indonesia to the Philippines and across mainland Southeast Asia to Odisha in India. It has edible fruits, its wood is used and some medicinal uses are attributed to it.

Parts of the plant (especially the fruit) are eaten by the fruit bat, the kanchil, the langur, the pheasant, the porcupine, the rat, the squirrel and the tree shrew. In the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, the fruit is eaten by the Asian black bear and the sun bear.

The Temuan people living in the Ayer Hitam Forest of Selangor, Malaysia, use a poultice of pulped leaves of the tree to treat sores.

Description：

The bark is astringent and is used to prevent bleeding. The sap is given to mothers after childbirth.

But, Breynia vitis-idaea poisoning causes hepatocellular liver injury.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Introduced to Malaya by the British as an alternative source of latex for making natural rubber products. As natural rubber fell out of use, this tree is now of little economic value. However, the wood can be used to make furniture and packing crates.

Description：

The speices is used for construction (Kalimantan, Borneo), but the timber is in general soft, light, and suitable for match boxes, splints, drawing boards, blackboards, toys, planks and clogs (Burkill 1935, Whitmore 1973).

Description：

In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant".

When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality biofuel or biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car or further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, or used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The cake can also be used as feed in digesters and gasifiers to produce biogas.

Although it is known as a toxic plant due to the presence of diterpenes named phorbol esters, the existence of edible non-toxic J. curcas without phorbol esters content has been demonstrated. It is also similarly reported that Jatropha seeds are edible once the embryo has been removed.

Description：

Mimosa pudica is often grown for its curiosity value: the sensitive compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken and re-open a few minutes later. It is well known for its rapid plant movement. Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep" or nyctinastic movement. The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light. This was first studied by French scientist Jean-Jacques d'Ortous. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The species is native to the Caribbean and South and Central America, but is now a pantropical weed, and can now be found in the Southern United States, South Asia, East Asia, Micronesia, Australia, South Africa, and West Africa as well. It is not shade-tolerant and is primarily found on soils with low nutrient concentrations.

Mimosa pudica contains the toxic alkaloid mimosine, which has been found to also have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Aqueous extracts of the roots of the plant have shown significant neutralizing effects in the lethality of the venom of the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia). It appears to inhibit the myotoxicity and enzyme activity of cobra venom.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Although, this species has hitherto almost exclusively been referred to as Centrosema pubescens, its correct name is Centrosema molle. The former C. schiedeanum (including the released cultivar Belalto centro) is now C. pubescens.

C. pubescens is widely used as forage and a source of protein to grazing cattle from southern Mexico to Colombia. 

This plant is grown as a cover crop because it naturally suppresses weeds and is very tolerant to drought. Centro is unable to tolerate cold temperatures, but has very low soil and rainfall requirements. This plant is not suitable for human consumption but provides benefits through soil fertility and animal health.

Description：

Flowers are bright yellow and grow in clusters on upright stalks. Flowers have orange stamens and, each flower has crinkled petals with a reddish brown mark in the centre.

Peltophorum pterocarpum provides wonderful shade and thus makes a great specimen for large landscapes and wide-open spaces such as large lawns or parks. It is also very suitable to be a street tree, however regular pruning is required. The elegant yellow flowers of Peltophorum pterocarpum makes it an ornamental tree. Peltophorum pterocarpum is used for fodder.  The bark can also be used as dyes as it contains tannins, giving a light yellow colour to leather. Tannin is also present in leaves and wood. In Java, the dye is used for batik work.

Description：

Pterocarpus indicus is listed as 'Endangered' in the 2018 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under criteria A3cd+4cd. In Malaysia the species is a priority species for in situ and ex situ conservation efforts, and to be investigated for plantation practices (Jalonen et al. 2009). Range countries have forestry legislation in place to reduce the harvest of rosewoods and exportation of logs. However these are often poorly enforced. 

P. indicus is a valued timber species as it produces rosewood. It can be used to make cabinets, furniture, cart wheels, musical instruments and for general construction purposes. Rosewood is desirable to produce high quality furniture.

The species is also highly desirable particularly as the species can produce the prized 'Amboyna burl' which is highly fragranced timber that is particularly good for woodworking (Orwa et al. 2009). Wood from the tree may also be collected for fuel and or to produce dye.

The species also holds a number of medicinal properties and can be used to treat tumours, boils, ulcers, prickly heat and syphilis. 

This tree is often planted as a shade tree within coffee and other plantations within and outside of its native range. Within Singapore and Puerto Rico the species is planted as a street tree due to the ornamental value of its flowers (Orwa et al. 2009). It can also be grown in gardens for this purpose.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Leucaena leucocephala is a small fast-growing mimosoid tree native to southern Mexico and northern Central America (Belize and Guatemala) and is now naturalized throughout the tropics including parts of Asia.

During the 1970s and 1980s, it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses. It has also been described as a "conflict tree" because it is used for forage production but spreads like a weed in some places.

The legume is promoted in several countries of Southeast Asia (at least Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, and Thailand), most importantly as a source of quality animal feed, but also for residual use for firewood or charcoal production.

Description：

This plant is grown as an ornamental, as a shade tree, and also in plantations for firewood throughout Southeast Asia, Oceania and Sudan. Its wood is good for making paper, furniture and tools. In India, its wood and charcoal are widely used as fuel.

In Thailand, the small fresh leaves are eaten, often with nam prik chili sauce or papaya salad. The tree is used by Aboriginal Australians to make an analgesic. Extracts from the heartwood of Acacia auriculiformis inhibit fungi that attack wood.

This plant is also used for fodder, fuel, paper pulp, turnery items, toys, carom coins, chess pieces and handicrafts, etc.

Description：

Uses include environmental management and timber. Because Acacia mangium trees increase the turnover rate of nitrogen in the topsoil, they can improve the availability of nitrogen in soils in mixed cropping systems. Because it is a very fast-growing tree, it develops an intensive rooting system, particularly in soils with low fertility. This helps to restore degraded tropical soils. 

A. mangium trees produce sapwood and heartwood. The heartwood's colour is brownish yellow shimmery and medium textured. Because the timber is extremely heavy, hard, very strong, tough, and not liable to warp and crack badly, it is used for furniture, doors and window frames. The glossy and smooth surface finish after polishing leads also to a potential for making export-oriented parquet flooring tiles and artifacts.

A. mangium has been recognized as an excellent source of short cellulose fibers for papermaking. It is grown in plantations in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia.

Description：

Acacia hybrid  (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis)  plantations have the potential to deliver a range of environmental benefits, with fast-growing acacia plantations expected to reduce pressure on native forests as a source of industrial raw materials. Acacias also have the valuable ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The ability of Acacia hybrid to improve infertile soils could provide an economic benefit in terms of reduced fertiliser requirements for subsequent rotations of Acacia or other crops (Kha 2001).

The morphological characteristics of the hybrids (flower colour, pod appearance, leaf shape and size, bark appearance and wood density) are generally an even mixture between those of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis, the pure parent species (Chiae 1993).

Acacia hybrid wood is used for construction, boat building, furniture and cabinet making and veneering. It also makes excellent particle board. The pulp is easy to bleach to a very bright colour and is excellent for paper making. The tree is also used for firewood, and is occasionally planted for erosion control, as a firebreak or for ornamentation. The leaves may also be used as forage for cattle (PROSEA 1993).

Description：

A medium size (1.5-2.2 cm) which ripens, green to orange to red. Barbets and bulbuls attack the ripe figs and swallow the small seeds surrounded by a thin pale aril. 

Description：

Terap nasi (Artocarpus elasticus) is characterized by large leaves and are widely distributed in lowland forests.

The white fleshy fruiting perianth is edible. Seeds can also be eaten after roasting. The timber is also used mainly for light construction. The bark is used by the aborigines in Sarawak to make ropes and cloths. The latex is used for making bird glue for trapping. 

Description：

Its stalked fruits are cylindrical to almost round, 20-35 cm long and 10-15 cm wide, yellowish-green to brown when ripe, and have a pungent odour. The outer layer of the fruit is thick, leathery and slightly rough. The seeds are covered by an orange-coloured aril which tastes sweet and pungent. Its fruits are eaten by small to large forest mammals. Common Flameback (Dinopium javanense)  have occasionally been observed feeding on the fruit.

The fruit, leaves and seeds are edible. The orange, sweet and pungent aril is described as similar to that of a durian. The seeds are also edible when roasted or boiled in water. The young leaves are also said to be used as a vegetable.

The bark can be used to make rope, while the latex is used to make lime.

Description：

When the fruit is young, the flesh is used to cook as a vegetable, pickled or preserved in brine or curry. When the fruit is ripe, it can be eaten fresh or made into various delicacies, chutney, jam, jelly and paste. It can also be preserved as candy by mixing it with sugar, honey or syrup. It is used to flavour ice cream, drinks, made into jackfruit honey or reduced to a concentrate or power and made into drinks. The seeds can be eaten after boiling or roasting. It can also be eaten as a table nut when dried and salted. The seeds can also be ground into flour, mixed with wheat flour and used in baking. 

The wood of the jackfruit also has sedative properties. The flesh and seeds of the jackfruit are considered a cooling and nutritious tonic, useful in overcoming the effects of alcohol. The starch from the seeds is used to relieve bilious complaints. Heated leaves can be used to treat wounds and the ash, when burned with maize and coconut husk, can treat ulcers. Mixed with vinegar and latex, it can promote the healing of abscesses, snakebites and swollen glands. The root is used to treat skin diseases and asthma. Its extract is used to treat fever and diarrhoea.

A yellow dye is extracted from the wood particles and used to dye silk and cotton robes. Classified as a medium hardwood, resistant to termite attack, fungal and bacterial decay, the wood is considered superior to teak, although not as hard as teak, for furniture, construction, turnery, masts, rudders, tools and musical instruments. It is also easy to season and polishes beautifully.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Artocarpus odoratissimus is listed as 'Near Threatened' in the 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under criteria A2c. This species has been recorded from the Semengoh Wildlife Reserve and Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak the Kutai National Park in East Kalimantan, Ulu Ulu National Park in Brunei and Kinabalu Park, Sabah. It is also listed as a species of Bako National Park in Sarawak (Delissio et al. 2002). It is conserved in fourteen sites worldwide (BGCI 2017) and is included in the Ulu Engkari genebank, in the Lanjak Wildlife Sanctuary in Sarawak (Abdullah and Chai 2000). Further research is needed to better understand the ecology of this species and any specific threats and actions required. Surveys are also needed to determine the current population status and trends.

The sweet perianths surrounding the seeds of this species are eaten and the seeds are roasted and boiled and also eaten and there is a ready local market. In Sarawak the latex from this tree is used to treat inflammation from wounds (Kochummen 2000). It may also be cultivated in parks and gardens for its attractive fruits (National Parks Board 2013). The wood has local use for handicrafts and construction (Kulip 2014). 

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Miconia crenata (syn. Clidemia hirta), commonly called soapbush, clidemia or Koster's curse, is a perennial shrub. It is an invasive plant species in many tropical regions of the world, causing serious damage. 

M. crenata has hairy fruit and leaves. The seeds are dispersed short distances when eaten by birds or attached to the fur of animals.

In Hawaii, M. crenata is replacing the endemic species that formerly dominated the forests and threatens them with extinction. Elsewhere, it is regarded as one of the most problematic invasive species in the Comoros Archipelago, on La Réunion, in the Seychelles and on Mauritius. In Sri Lanka it is quite invasive in wet zone and upcountry forests, especially invading gaps in the forest, preventing other native species from emerging.

Description：

The leaves and shoots are traditionally eaten to treat diarrhoea. 

In Malaysia, sanduduk leaves made into a fertiliser are used to prevent scarring from dandruff or smallpox. A decoction of the root is used to relieve toothache, soften legs and reduce flatulence. A decoction of the leaves and roots is drunk after childbirth. A decoction of a mixture of seduduk leaves, vinegar, hot ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bonglai (Zingiber cassumnar) is used to treat leucorrhoea. Boiled water mixed with leaves and shoots and with mangosteen rind or mangosteen rind burned into charcoal is used to treat diarrhoea. Powder from the leaves is also used to treat dysentery, wounds and as a tonic.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Usage：

In Peninsular Malaysia, the young shoots, leaves and flowers are consumed as a vegetable. Wood can be used to make furniture. Oil obtained from the seeds is used to make soap.

Description：

The fruit, the most famous part of the tree, is a large drupe, up to 20 cm long, oval to oblong in shape, with a green, yellow or red, often slightly glaucous, skin. It hangs from the branches on long stems. When ripe, the flesh is yellow, juicy and very fragrant. They are eaten by humans and animals, including bats, birds, monkeys, etc. Long-tailed Parakeet, Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot, Oriental Pied Hornbill, Black-necked Oriole, Yellow-vented Bulbul have been observed feeding on the fruit.

The rind (peel) is used as a tonic. The leaves have a cooling effect and are used to treat fever and colds. The burnt leaves are applied to warts to remove them. The bark increases the flow of urine and is also used to stop bleeding. The seeds are used to treat colds, coughs, diarrhoea and excessive menstrual bleeding. The resin is used to treat skin conditions and syphilis.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

The flowers are pollinated by insects such as bees and butterflies. The fruits are mainly eaten by primates, flying foxes, fruit bats and squirrels.

The seed is surrounded by an edible, white, fleshy sarcostesta.

It is commonly grown as a fruit tree. Traditional medicinal uses In Malaysia, various parts of the plant are traditionally used by local villagers to treat a variety of ailments. The roots were used in a decoction to treat fever, the leaves for poultices and the bark as an astringent for the tongue. 

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Many purported health benefits have been attributed to Eurycoma longifolia. The plant is used in traditional medicine in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. In Indonesia and Malaysia, the root of the plant is boiled in water and the water is consumed as a health tonic for postpartum recovery, as an aphrodisiac, and for the relief of fever, intestinal worms, dysentery, diarrhoea, indigestion, and jaundice. In Malaysia, a paste of the plant is applied topically to relieve headaches and stomach aches. There is a traditional belief that E. longifolia is an aphrodisiac. Other health benefits attributed to the plant include antimalarial, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-dengue and immunomodulatory activities.

E. longifolia is widely commercialised in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its root, which is very bitter, has been used as the basis for dietary supplements and food and drink additives.  As a supplement, it has been marketed for its purported benefits in improving sexual health, increasing energy and stamina, improving circulation, reducing stress and reducing fat. In the beverage market, it is a common ingredient in coffee and beverages marketed as energy drink.

E. longifolia is mainly used for its roots, which means that the entire plant has to be uprooted when it is harvested. This has led to concerns about the long-term sustainability of its use. In Malaysia, raw E. longifolia is banned for export, the plant itself is listed as a priority medicinal species for conservation, and harvesting of wild trees is restricted under the International Trade in Endangered Species Act 686.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Swietenia macrophylla is listed as 'Endangered' in the 2023 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under criteria A2acd. Further research is needed in terms of establishing ex situ collection and conservation nurseries for the species.

This species is a prized and valuable timber species. It is valued for its strength, workability, durability and colour. The timber is used to make high quality furniture, veneers, decorative and ornamental features and musical instruments (Mejía et al. 2008). Demand is greatest from countries such as the US, UK and China (Mejía et al. 2008).

Usage：

Trigonachras acuta is listed as 'Near Threatened' in the 2023 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under criteria A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). 

Trigonachras acuta is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and homes. It is also used in traditional medicine to treat fever, inflammation, and to improve digestion.

※This information is not intended to be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional regarding any medical problem and before making any major dietary changes.

Description：

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics and subtropics.  This flower is the national flower of Malaysia.

The flowers of H. rosa-sinensis are edible and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flower is used as an accessory, particularly as a hairpiece. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of India, hence the common name "shoeblack plant".

H. rosa-sinensis is considered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology.

Description：

The plant is listed as 'Endangered' in the Sarawak Plant Red List (2015). 

Parashorea malaanonan is an evergreen tree with a dense, dome-shaped crown; it can grow up to 60 metres tall. Used as white seraya timber, the tree is commonly harvested from the wild, furnishing the most important commercial timber of northern Borneo.

The wood is used for light carpentry, interior panelling and joinery, furniture components, boxes and crates, formwork, veneer, etc.