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According to Self-Determination Theory, the three main psychological causes of motivational patterns are integrated, identified, and intrinsic. These three causes foster autonomous motivation by integrating outside rules as internal values, identifying activities and tasks that align with the person's goals, and internally motivating the person to work harder.
Integrated
Integration occurs when an extrinsic motivator aligns with one's personal values, making the behavior appear as a voluntary choice. It is the most autonomous version of extrinsic motivation.
Identified
Identified regulation is a type of extrinsic motivation where somebody does something or acts a certan way because they personally value it, even if it’s not interesting to them.
Intrinsic
Intrinsic motivation is the drive to complete tasks for the desire and enjoyment of the person completing the task.
Self-Determination Theory dictates that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the three main psychological causes of autonomous motivational patterns.
Autonomy
The feeling of free choice and willing behavior.
Relatedness
The need to feel connected and belong with others.
Competence
The experience of mastery and being effective in one's activity.
Autonomy affects motivation by giving you a sense of freedom, control, and self-direction. The ability to choose what we want to do and how we want to do it makes us more excited to do the task.
Example of Autonomy
If you are given the assignment of writing a three-page paper on a topic of your choosing, you may not be excited about having to write a paper, but getting to choose the subject makes you more motivated to work on the project.
Relatedness affects motivation by having a sense of belonging and connection. When we feel like we belong, we feel like we are supported and understood, which encourages us to work on the task at hand.
Example of Relatedness
If you are in a classroom of people you know, you are more likely to speak to them and speak in front of them. Additionally, you're more likely to ask them for help if you're stuck. During a group project, if you're with a group of people you like, you’ll feel more motivated and excited about working on the project.
Competence affects motivation by allowing us to have a sense of knowledge and understanding. This feeling of capability will enable us to feel more desire to do the task if we understand what we are talking about. It is also a core component of intrinsic motivation.
Example of Competence
If you're in a class, you will be more motivated to engage if you know what you are learning about. You're more likely to respond to questions, find assignments easier, and help others out, which will motivate you to work on tasks.
Extrinsic forces can affect motivation according to the Self-Determination Theory.
This can be achieved through various methods, but one of the most common is the use of rewards.
Reward
Rewards affect motivation by encouraging someone to complete a task or act in a certain way by providing an incentive. They release dopamine in the brain, making someone feel happy.
However, rewards can be a problem. Rewards can be a powerful tool if used correctly and in moderation. Rewards can encourage good behavior, but if overused, they can be harmful. Rewards are giving a person something, such as a breath mint or verbal praise, in appreciation for something they have done well. Your goal is to eventually have them be motivated to do it out of their own will, rather than out of the reward, so excessive use of rewards is not advisable. You don't want to use a reward that would undermine intrinsic motivation. Rewards should not make the student feel bad or serve as a form of punishment.
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